Kuvshinovo. The path from a “depressed territory” to an exemplary developing area

This term has other meanings, see Kuvshinovo (meanings).
Coat of arms

City
Kuvshinovo

57°02′00″ n. w. 34°10′00″ E. villageHGYAOCountryRussiaFederal SubjectTver RegionMunicipal DistrictKuvshinovskyUrban Settlement Kuvshinovo cityHistory and geographyFounded in 1910First mentioned in 1624City since 1938Area

18 km²

Center altitude230 mTime zoneUTC+3:00PopulationPopulation↘8857[1] people (2020)Katoykonimkuvshinovtsy, kuvshinovetsDigital identifiersTelephone code+7 48257Postal code172110[2]OKATO code28234501OKTMO code28634101001gor od-kuvshinovo.ru Kuvshinovo

Moscow

Tver

Kuvshinovo

Media files on Wikimedia Commons

Kuvshinovo

- a city (since 1938[3]) in the Tver region of Russia.

The administrative center of the Kuvshinovsky district, which forms the municipal entity of the city of Kuvshinovo

with the status of an urban settlement as the only settlement in its composition[4].

Story

The historical settlement at the confluence of Negochi and Osuga was called the village of Kamenoye

(
Kamenskoye
)[5]. It was first mentioned in the 1624 census.

Administratively, it was part of the Novotorzhsky district of the Tver province.

In 1799, Count V.P. Musin-Pushkin founded a paper mill in the village[6], which was subsequently acquired, in 1869, by the Moscow merchant M.G. Kuvshinov.

The manufacturer M. G. Kuvshinov ordered new equipment from abroad, creating the first pulp and paper production in Russia using local wood raw materials.

From October 1897 until mid-January 1898, A. M. Gorky lived in Kamennoye with his family. The writer lived in the Ozhegovs’ house, where the famous lexicographer and author of the Russian language dictionary Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov was later born.

A. M. Gorky lived in the wing of the Ozhegovs’ house, in which the apartment of his friend Nikolai Zakharovich Vasiliev, who worked at a factory and headed an illegal political circle, was located.

In 1910, on the initiative of Yu. M. Kuvshinova, the Torzhok-Kamenny railway was built, and a railway station was built next to Kamenny, named after the manufacturers - Kuvshinovo. This is how the village near the station began to be called, which soon merged with Kamenny. In 1916, the railway line was extended to the village of Selizharovo.

In 1913, the People's House and Hospital named after. S. M. Kuvshinova.

In 1938, the village of Kamenoye and the village at the Kuvshinovo station were united into the city of Kuvshinovo.

By Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated July 29, 2014 No. 1398-r “On approval of the list of single-industry towns,” the urban settlement of the city of Kuvshinovo is included in the category “Single-industry municipalities of the Russian Federation (single-industry towns) with the most difficult socio-economic situation”[7].

The section lacks links to sources.

Information must be verifiable or it may be deleted. You can edit the article to add links to authoritative sources. This mark was set on November 6, 2021

Kuvshinovo: paper kingdom

This town is not included in the tourist routes, but it has something to be proud of. Here the writer Maxim Gorky spied “The Life of Klim Samgin”, the creator of the explanatory Russian dictionary Sergei Ozhegov was born and raised here, and the products of the local factory embraced the most delicious things on the tea table of the 19th century.

Kuvshinovo (formerly called Kamenny) is located between Torzhok and Ostashkov, but there is little chance that you will want to see it. The surroundings are too richly beautiful, the bypass road is good and the access routes are modest. And yet we found a couple of hours on Kuvshinovo on the road from Ostashkovo to Tver. We made a list of objects that needed to be found and seen, and entered the “paper kingdom,” as it used to be called.

Paper manufacturing was invented here in 1799 by local landowner Vasily Petrovich Musin-Pushkin. Apparently, out of frustration that the peasants could not achieve decent yields on these soils. This is how the first “paper mill” started working here. Various rags, flax, flakes, matting, straw and wood were used as raw materials. Mainly blue sugar paper was produced, which was sold in Torzhok, Ostashkov and Vyshny Volochek.

Oh, sugar paper is a special thing! Previously, melted sugar was poured into special molds, it cooled and hardened. The result was a sugar ingot, shaped like an artillery shell - a sugar loaf. Her weight varied - from small to pounds. The sugar loaves were wrapped in thick blue paper, which was called “sugar paper”. They chopped sugar not only with tongs, but also with a special guillotine. And this was the sweetest event for all tea drinkers.

In 1834, Musin-Pushkin died in Kamenny and left an inheritance to his relative Blagov. And already in 1843, the owner of the factory became the head of the secret police under Nicholas I, the chief of staff of the Corps of Gendarmes (1835-1856) and the manager of the III department (1839-1856), cavalry general Leonty Vasilyevich Dubelt.

Peter Sokolov. Portrait of Leonty Vasilievich Dubelt

The general was very busy with operational and investigative activities and had little interest in acquiring paper manufacture. But in 1851, it suddenly received new buildings, a steam engine and some European-style mechanisms. As can be seen from the Dubelt family correspondence, the general’s wife, Anna Nikolaevna, often had to deal with family affairs. Moreover, the Tver lands and 1,700 peasant souls (only men were taken into account) were in her dowry, as was the Tver estate Ryskino.

A. V. Tyranov “Dubelt Anna Nikolaevna (née Perskaya) (1800 – 1853)”

In a letter dated October 6, 1849, Anna Nikolaevna writes to her husband that she is looking forward to his arrival in Ryskino and at the same time shares her worries about the fate of her peasants and sons:

“You know that I love my peasants warmly and tenderly; they are also my children, and their fate, not only the present, but also the future, as long as I can foresee it, lies with me. So here’s the thing: if, God forbid, Kolya would not have had time to get married and leave Vlasovo to his offspring, then, according to the law, the estate passes to Misha. It would be all right, but Misha loves to play cards. If Vlasovo loses, the peasants will go to some gambler. God willing, this won’t happen..."

In 1853, Anna Nikolaevna passed away, and in 1863 the general died. And Kamenoye and the paper mill went to his son Mikhail, an avid gambler.

Grigory Gagarin. Major Mikhail Leontyevich Dubelt (1822-1900)

True, while his parents were still alive, he managed to marry the daughter of the great poet, Natalya Alexandrovna Pushkina. Her mother and stepfather were against the marriage because of Dubelt’s “mad character” and his penchant for playing cards, but they could not do anything. The marriage produced three children, but the family soon broke up under very scandalous circumstances. True, it seems that the paper mill nevertheless made a modest contribution to her financial well-being.

Ivan Kuzmich Makarov. Portrait of Natalia Alexandrovna Pushkina (1836-1913)

After the divorce, in 1867, Kamenoye and the paper mill, as his mother Anna Nikolaevna had foreseen, Mikhail Leontievich lost at cards to Prince Pyotr Nikitich Trubetskoy, who was not interested in winning and sold the factory to a large paper merchant, Moscow merchant Mikhail Gavriilovich Kuvshinov. He clearly made the right decision: when buying the Kamensk paper mill, Kuvshinov bargained “in addition” for one and a half thousand acres of adjacent land with forests and agricultural land.

Mikhail Gavriilovich Kuvshinov

Kuvshinov quickly turned from a merchant into a manufacturer. He installed 6 steam engines, powered them with new English and German-made machines and began making high-quality paper - postal, writing, colored, vegetable parchment, notebooks and notebooks. Kuvshinov built Russia’s first sulfite pulp plant, a wood pulp plant, as well as the first industrial treatment facilities. The Kamensk factory became one of the leading enterprises of its time.

Little is known about the Kuvshinov family. Mikhail Gavriilovich’s grandfather was a merchant from Torzhok, so this area was practically native to him, despite moving to Moscow. Kuvshinov’s family was friendly and therefore everyone moved to Kamenoye: his wife Yulia Fedorovna and their children – Mikhail, Sergey, Yulia and Maria. Mikhail Gavrilovich's mother Tatyana Ivanovna remained in Moscow to look after the Moscow estate.

Of all the children, only son Sergei showed interest in production, whom his father saw as the successor of the business. In 1882, together with their son Sergei Mikhailovich, they organized the joint-stock company “Paper Factory and Trade Partnership” with an authorized capital of 1 million 100 thousand rubles. In 1884, one of the first pulp mills in Russia was built at the factory. At the same time, an acid and brick factory were built. In 1886, electricity appeared in production, and a little later in the workers’ village.

Sergei Mikhailovich Kuvshinov

In the spring of 1890, the factory burned down, and the Partnership was given an insurance amount. The construction of new buildings proceeded quickly, they were no longer built from wood, but from brick, and equipment that was modern for that time was brought in. The very next year the factory began producing its first products. From 1000 to 1500 people worked here. For the high quality of the paper produced, the factory was awarded silver and gold medals at Russian exhibitions.

In 1894, apparently after the death of his father, Sergei Mikhailovich returned from England with purchased equipment for the factory. He was sailing in the Black Sea on the steamship Vladimir, which at dawn collided with the steamship Columbia and sank quite quickly. The passengers did not wait for help and created a real commotion on the deck, which led to an even greater tragedy. Kuvshinov Jr. did not take part in the fight for the boats.

Lawyer Nikolai Karabchevsky spoke in court about the deceased Sergei Kuvshinov and other victims of the shipwreck:

“...I would call them aristocrats of misfortune, aristocrats in the best sense of the word. They remained at the stern, which was sinking deeper and deeper into the water, feeling the approach of the fatal moment, but remaining calm. Kuvshinov lit a cigarette; he found that one must die someday and that it was better “to die in peace.” Whether it was the aesthetic bravado of a man who wanted to “die beautifully,” or the real calm of a philosopher who saw the approach of salvation, is indifferent to us; there was calm. ...Columbia is so close, it will do!” Alas, she didn't come! ...The moment of general destruction was approaching... Those who remained at the stern, although they were wearing belts, Kuvshinov, Shestakov and others died. I cherish this moment, it is undeniable...”

The family business was decapitated. Management of the Stationery Factory of the Partnership "M. G. Kuvshinov and Co., by rights of inheritance, passed to the young widow of Sergei Mikhailovich, Elizaveta Kuvshinova, who was in the last month of pregnancy with her second child. The tragedy contributed to a premature birth, but the boy survived and was named Sergei in honor of his deceased father.

At the family council, which was headed by the family’s grandmother, Tatyana Ivanovna Kuvshinova, it was decided: the gentle and homely Elizaveta remains the honorary director of the Partnership, does not interfere in the family business and is engaged in raising children – daughter Tatyana and son Sergei. And the sister of the deceased Sergei Mikhailovich, Yulia Mikhailovna, will continue the work of her father and brother. Obviously, the grandmother’s choice was made in favor of an educated, energetic and strict granddaughter. From that moment on, the entire responsibility for preserving the family business fell on Yulia Mikhailovna’s shoulders. It's a pity we couldn't find photos of her in her youth. But in this frame there are smart eyes and a very difficult nature.

Yulia Mikhailovna Kuvshinova, early 20th century

After the tragedy, business initially began to decline - not only the head of the factory died, but also the new equipment that was expected. However, the energy and enterprise of Yulia Mikhailovna gave the family business a new impetus. Apparently, she did not have her own family - she bore her father’s surname, and all her time was devoted to the factory and the village.

According to the recollections of old-timers, Yulia Mikhailovna almost always structured her working day according to the same pattern. In the morning, after breakfast, the housewife harnessed the gig, and she alone drove out from the Kamenoye estate to Fabrichnaya Sloboda. The manor house can no longer be seen - it burned down several years ago.

By the way, Yulia Mikhailovna lived quite ascetically. When, after the revolution, a commissioner came to describe the household property of the mistress of the village, he wrote this:

“Kamonenoe, Tysyatskaya volost, Novotorzhsky district. Owners: Kuvshinovs. The main house, the outbuilding, and the landscape park have been preserved. The furniture in the house is from the 90s, except for one mahogany bureau from the 60s. Paintings of minor Itinerants and copies. Of some interest is a painting depicting a folk festival in the 60s. Library of about 500 volumes - classics and magazines..."

Returning to the daily routine of the factory owner, we note that the first thing she wanted to observe was the work of the carpenter team in the construction of houses for workers. After that, she came to the Factory Office, where the director and chief accountant were waiting for her to resolve production and financial matters. The plant management is easy to find. It is now a sky blue building in good condition. In front of him is a monument to Kirov. What he has to do with the town is unclear, but the comrade stands sideways, looking at the entrance.

By the way, here is the checkpoint - a hundred meters from the former office.

After solving work issues, Yulia Mikhailovna traditionally went to the kitchen, where lunch was prepared for the workers, and personally took a sample of the first and second courses. At the same time, she herself poured herself a portion for testing from a common cauldron. After lunch, Yulia Mikhailovna was mainly engaged in cultural, educational and other institutions: the hospital named after Father Mikhail Gavriilovich Kuvshinov, the construction of baths in the summer, a secular school, a school parent council, a sports society, the construction of sports grounds and other “small societies” - a bathhouse, a nursery, library and consumer society.

Here is the teaching staff - the number of male teachers is surprising. In the center is Yulia Mikhailovna.

The buildings of the Passage, known as the “Big Store,” have been preserved in the center of the town. It's right opposite the Office. Someone put a model of the Eiffel Tower nearby.

Opposite is the fire station. It's still active, by the way. In the background is the former factory office. Everything is nearby - this is the center of Kuvshinov.

Here is another shot that shows the compact arrangement of the main buildings - the Passage and, again, the office, into which the main street abutted.

It is clear that the merchant's daughter Yulia was not raised as an effective manager. But having taken over the management of the factory, she managed to do more in 20 years than her father and brother. Building on the successes already achieved, it increased its paper production volumes. Here are old photos of equipment at the factory. If you tilt your head to the left, you can read the names of the machines and their purpose. I would also pay attention to the intelligent faces of the workers.

But this machine, they say, is the invention of process engineer Ivan Ivanovich Ozhegov. He was a visiting specialist at the factory. The Kuvshinovs gave him a separate workshop and, of course, a separate apartment, where his son Sergei, the future compiler of an explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, was born.

The Moscow architect Flegont Voskresensky, very fashionable at that time, was invited to design and urban planning improve the settlement of paper workers. Some people compare the town of the paper mill with the town at the glass and rubber factories of Gus Khrustalny near the Maltsovs, but there the houses were made of stone, and here, for the most part, they were made of wood. However, there was a point to this - wooden houses were built faster and were more pleasant to live in.

Let's be honest, not much has changed in the center. For example, we were looking for Ozhegov’s house on these streets.

This is Factory Sloboda. Here, several houses were erected along one line, and a pavement was laid. This is how the first street in the settlement appeared, which was once called Krasny Lane, and now it is Krasnogvardeyskaya Street. At the end of the street, at a later time, a large two-story house was erected on a high basement foundation, with water supply and sewerage, bathrooms, and tiled fireplaces in the rooms. The apartments in this building were occupied by doctors from the Kuvshinov Hospital. Unfortunately, this beautiful building was destroyed by fire at the end of the last century.

But house No. 6, where the linguist Ozhegov was born and which we were looking for, still stands. The house is not located along the red line, it is recessed into the vegetable gardens. And it itself is bizarre - its central part is made of stone, patterned belts are running along the facade, and the wings of the house are wooden. As they say in local history notes, it was employees and engineers who lived in the house, and there were only four apartments. It was one of them that the Ozhegovs occupied.

If you get closer, you will notice its deplorable condition - the stone part of the house has cracked, sagged, broken window frames and is already dangerous for living.

From the back the house looks little better. And its strange design suggests that the house was originally made of stone and then expanded in width.

The Ozhegov family lived here until the outbreak of the First World War, when they moved to Petrograd. The appearance of a linguist in the family was not accidental. Mother, Alexandra Fedorovna Degozhskaya, had in her family the famous philologist and spiritual leader Gerasim Pavsky. Gerasim was an archpriest and a great connoisseur of Russian literature. One of Pavsky’s most famous works is called “Philological Observations on the Composition of the Russian Language.” Unlike photographs in adulthood, in his youth the linguist Ozhegov was positive. Perhaps this courtyard and streets remember him like this.

Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov (1900 – 1964)

This smiling, bespectacled high school student still has his main work ahead, for which he will be remembered today.

It’s funny, but just three years earlier - in 1897 - the Peshkovs visited the same house, in the apartment of engineer and factory chemist Nikolai Zakharovich Vasiliev. Maxim Gorky, who at that time was just beginning his literary career, had many common sentiments and beliefs with Nikolai Vasiliev.

They met while going through the harsh “universities” of life in the 80s in Nizhny Novgorod, and maintained a sincere and warm friendship for the rest of their lives. Having completely settled into the factory, Vasiliev wrote a letter to Alexey Peshkov in Nizhny Novgorod. The correspondence was in full swing when Yulia Kuvshinova, having read the story “Makar Chudra,” asked Nikolai Zakharovich to introduce her to other works of the aspiring writer. The second story sent – “Emelyan Pilyai” – on Kuvshinova’s advice and without the author’s knowledge, Nikolai Vasiliev transferred to the editor of the Moscow newspaper “Russkie Vedomosti”. The publication of the story in the August issue of 1893 became the baptism of the writer in the central Russian press.

And so in 1897, the Peshkovs came to Kamenny with their whole family. The Kamenets recalled that Gorky looked very bad, was pale, emaciated, but “his mood was always cheerful... he spoke very witty and cheerfully, and reacted sharply to the inhuman attitude towards people.”

Peshkovs with their son Maxim

The writer works a lot in Kamenny, submitting the stories “In the Steppe” and “Varenka Olisova” (1898) for correspondence, after rewriting the latter. He writes a significant part of the novel “Foma Gordeev” and finishes the story “For the Sake of Boredom” (1897), sends it to the “Samara Newspaper”. He prepares two volumes of his works for publication, sends the manuscript to St. Petersburg and negotiates with publishers. The Kamensky period of the writer was one of the crucial moments in his creative biography - the transition from the newspaper and magazine work of the young Gorky to active work in the literary field was finally completed.

Having met many workers and employees of the Kuvshinov factory, the writer suggested that Yulia Mikhailovna educate the workers’ children using the funds of the factory and trade partnership, and also build a center of culture - the People’s House. He himself left in the winter - his son became seriously ill.

By the way, considering what wonderful people lived in this cracked house, two memorial plaques appeared on it during the Soviet years. There are still photos of them on the Internet.

Now these memorial plaques are not on the house - they have been removed. Either they were simply stolen, or the signs seemed like a silent reproach to the local authorities, who did not look after the famous house.

Yulia Mikhailovna really liked the idea of the People's House, but she was able to implement it much later - the grand opening took place on September 1, 1913. A huge building with a beautiful auditorium, stucco moldings, oak panels, and an abundance of rooms for various activities. Guests at the entrance were given commemorative bronze tokens with an engraving of the building and the inscription on the back: “Knowledge is will, knowledge is light, slavery without it.” They said then that Yulia Mikhailovna herself wrote this motto.

But in this photo you can feel Kuvshinova’s breed and character. Slender like a girl, and at the same time sitting wide and relaxed, with her arms outstretched like a proprietor. He looks straight into the lens, without a smile, but in the stubborn fold of his lips and the squinting of his small eyes, a grin is definitely hidden. Like, I run a factory and feed thousands of people, but what have you achieved? Yulia Mikhailovna’s hand lies on an open book - she was not only educated herself, read a lot, but also raised generations of educated workers both in Kamenny and beyond, sending capable youth to receive higher and specialized education. Not without grace, a black dress with white lace tight-fitting sleeves, a high stand-up collar that hides and emphasizes at the same time, and the absolutely gray head of a not yet old woman. Kuvshinova is not a beauty, but she is definitely smart. And a prisoner of her business. Although, who knows what exactly she had to sacrifice in order to devote her strength and years of life to the factory. They write that she experienced the revolution abroad. If you had enough intuition, and such people have plenty of it, then they withdrew capital to reliable banks, like the Tver textile king Ivan Morozov, and met old age in European comfort.

Yulia Mikhailovna Kuvshinova

And here is her People's House. Gorky never dreamed of his advice.

Now on the pediment of the building there is something about Lenin, but before there was an inscription: “People's House in memory of October 17, 1905.” This is the day Emperor Nicholas II issued the Manifesto on Civil Liberties.

The building is huge, but you have to walk around it from all sides to see how original and beautiful it is. The people's house was built of brick according to the design of Flegon Voskresensky in the Art Nouveau style. Unfortunately, the interiors have not been preserved.

Currently, the building of the People's House is occupied by the district leisure center. And on the square in front of it stands a modern monument to Yulia Mikhailovna. The face is not very similar. The town carried the memory of the mistress of the paper kingdom through the Soviet era - first the railway station was named “Kuvshinovo”, and then the entire village. And no one tried to change it to some Leninobumazhsk or Stalinokartonsk. In Yulia Mikhailovna’s hands is a drawing of the People’s House.

Our last point in Kuvshinov was the station of the same name. Why did we drag ourselves to the station? So it is also made of wood and therefore can be considered rare!

The construction of the Torzhok – Kamennoe railway was one of the biggest events of the early 20th century in the district. The Kuvshinov stationery factory, located at that time in the wilderness, was at an extremely disadvantageous position in terms of transport until 1910. Located 53 kilometers from the district center and the Torzhok railway station, the factory could only use horse-drawn carts. Hired drivers went with a load of paper to Torzhok, and returned back with cargo for the factory and shops, also bringing mail and passengers. The offseason was a very difficult journey.

To build the line, at least 3–4 million rubles were required, but the financing problem was solved by issuing shares secured by the Kamensk factory, which, together with its rich forest holdings, was valued by the Imperial Ministry of Industry at 8 million rubles. In 1912, the Torzhok – Kamennoe line was put into operation. And in 1913, the factory board decided to build the Kuvshinovo – Selizharovo railway. In 1916, the postal, cargo and passenger service Torzhok-Kuvshinovo-Selizharovo with a total length of 112 kilometers was opened.

And how warm it is today to see just such a tower station, and not a brick and concrete monster.

And this is the view from the rear, that is, from the adjacent street.

The neighbor is a red brick water tower. Apparently, she fed the locomotives with water.

The tower once had an interesting finish, but today beauty has less chance.

After that, the sun completely set below the horizon, and we went to Tver. Yes, the heritage of the factory town is not as luxurious as in the Morozov town of Tver, or in the Konovalov town of Vichuga, or even like that of the Maltsovs in Gus Khrustalny, but from the same “opera” about social responsibility. Definitely worth seeing and knowing.

History of the coat of arms and flag

Draft coat of arms of the times of the USSR
In Soviet times, a draft coat of arms of the city was developed, and badges with the image of the coat of arms were issued according to the project. An image of the coat of arms for this project, in particular, is contained in N. O. Mironov’s book “Catalogue of modern coats of arms of cities of the Commonwealth countries on badges,” published in Minsk in 1995.

The modern coat of arms and flag of the Kuvshinovsky district were approved by decree of the head of the district Administration No. 207-1 of October 28, 1996. The coat of arms is described as follows: “In a green field there is an azure (blue, light blue), thinly bordered with silver wavy column, burdened with three golden water lily flowers facing upward.” The flag is described as follows: “A rectangular panel with a width to length ratio of 2:3 with an image of the coat of arms composition on the panel.”

The author of the design of the coat of arms is V. Lavrenov. The coat of arms is included in the State Heraldic Register under number 872, and the flag - under number 873.

Population


↗230	↗4900	↗7909	↗13 549	↘12 963	↗13 471	↘12 435	↘12 300
1996[10]	1998[10]	2000[10]	2001[10]	2002[16]	2003[10]	2005[10]	2006[10]	2007[10]
↘12 100	↗12 200	↘12 100	↘12 000	↘11 276	↗11 300	↘10 800	↘10 600	↘10 400
2008[10]	2009[17]	2010[18]	2011[10]	2012[19]	2013[20]	2014[21]	2015[22]	2016[23]
↘10 300	↘10 125	↘10 007	↘10 000	↘9895	↘9787	↘9574	↘9428	↘9284
2017[24]	2018[25]	2019[26]	2020[1]
↘9161	↘9068	↘8929	↘8857

As of January 1, 2021, in terms of population, the city was in 963rd place out of 1116[27]cities of the Russian Federation[28].

Transport

There are two city bus routes (Bus Station - Khorkino and Bus Station - Bakhovka; they make about ten trips a day) and five commuter bus routes (Bus Station - Baranya Gora, Bus Station - Krasny Gorodok, Bus Station - Prechisto- Kamenka", "Bus station - Sokolniki" and "Bus station - Shchegolevo"; they run on certain days of the week twice a day) [31].

Transit routes of intercity buses to Tver and Andreapol run through the Kuvshinovo bus station. In 2021, as part of the transport reform in the region, a full-fledged bus service Peno-Ostashkov-Tver was resumed, transportation is carried out by Transport of the Upper Volga LLC.

Passenger service at the railway station is provided by the Kuvshinovo-Ostashkov passenger train. The Moscow-Ostashkov passenger train has been canceled since March 2015. On May 29, 2021, the Moscow-Ostashkov service was resumed, but, unfortunately, the train route does not pass through the Kuvshinovo station and the Kuvshinovsky district.

Connection

Fixed line services are provided by: Tver branch of Rostelecom, Eurasia Telecom Ru.

Mobile telephone services are provided by mobile operators: MTS, Beeline, MegaFon and Tele2.

Healthcare

In Kuvshinov, the Kuvshinov Central District Hospital continues to operate in 2021. Construction of a hospital has been underway since 1985, but unfortunately, the hospital has not yet been built.

Attractions

The section lacks links to sources.

Information must be verifiable or it may be deleted. You can edit the article to add links to authoritative sources. This mark was set on November 6, 2021

Yulia Kuvshinova, the last owner of the Kamenskaya paper factory, the initiator of the construction of the Torzhok - Kamennoe railway and the main shareholder of this enterprise Mikhail Gavrilovich Kuvshinov, founder of the M. G. Kuvshinov Paper Factory and Trade Partnership The
city has preserved buildings built in the early 20th century in the Art Nouveau style » the house of Yu. M. Kuvshinova (1916), the hospital building and the building of the People's House (1913), also built by Yu. M. Kuvshinova. Currently, this building houses the House of Culture, where films are shown and interest groups operate.

The House of Culture houses a local history museum, the exhibition of which contains many unique documents and photographs of the pre-revolutionary period, the war years and our time.

Another landmark of the city was the wooden estate of the Kuvshinovs[32], which burned down at the end of the 20th century. The image of the estate has been preserved on old postcards and photographs of the first half of the 20th century. The ruins of the estate can now be seen in Komsomolsky Park.

Kuvshinovo

The village of Kamenoye, located on the lands of the modern city of Kuvshinovo, was first mentioned in 1624 in the census book of the Rzhev district. According to this document, in the village there was a landowner's house and 5 courtyards. At the end of the 18th century. A distillery and two flour mills were built on the territory of the present city. Paper factory

In 1799, near the village of Kamenny, landowner Vasily Petrovich Musin-Pushkin founded a paper manufactory, where it was planned to produce wrapping paper for sugar. The paper mill, as the production was called then, was located on a mountain near the village of Malashovo and occupied a wooden building with a brick shed. Using primitive mechanisms and devices, several dozen serfs serving corvée manually cast paper.

Soon after the death of V.P. Musin-Pushkin in 1843, the heir to the founder of the production, A.V. Blagov, sold the factory to Major General of the Gendarme Corps Leonty Vasilyevich Dubelt, who in 1851 expanded production, installed modern equipment purchased abroad and increased the number of workers up to 150 people. The son of Leonty Vasilyevich Mikhail Dubelt, being a gambler, in 1867 lost the factory at cards to Pyotr Nikitich Trubetskoy.

In 1869, Prince Trubetskoy sold the enterprise to the Moscow merchant of the 1st guild, Mikhail Gavrilovich Kuvshinov. The new owner was a hereditary Honorary Citizen of Moscow and in the middle of the 19th century. was known as a major stationery merchant not only in the Russian Empire, but also abroad. Together with the factory, M. G. Kuvshinov acquired about one and a half thousand acres of adjacent land.

Having solid capital, the new owner began expanding the factory. The production was equipped with unprecedented equipment for the 1870s. technological innovations: 6 steam engines, the latest paper-making equipment purchased in England and Germany. The production of high-grade paper was established, a wood pulp plant, the country's first sulfite pulp plant, as well as Russia's first industrial treatment facilities were built. The large-scale modernization carried out led to an increase in volume and expansion of the range of products. The Kamensk paper mill became one of the leading enterprises in Russia and became a monopolist in the field of paper production in the Tver province.

In order to organize sales to different parts of the country and abroad, M. G. Kuvshinov established a Trading House in Moscow. In 1882, Mikhail Gavrilovich, together with his son Sergei Mikhailovich, organized the Stationery Factory and Trade Partnership JSC, whose authorized capital amounted to 1.1 million rubles. At the same time, the Kuvshinovs, having left the merchant class, became Russian factory owners. Under the Kuvshinovs, the village of Kamenskoye flourished. The first school was opened in 1878, and a hospital named after was built in 1892. S. M. Kuvshinova.

The family business was continued by the younger generation of Kuvshinovs: Sergei Mikhailovich, and after his death during a shipwreck in 1894, by his sister Yulia Mikhailovna Kuvshinova, under whose management the factory was for 24 years. The energetic and purposeful owner paid the main attention to equipping the factory and arranging the workplace for workers. Under her, production capacity was significantly increased, the Torzhok-Kamenny railway was built (1910), and a railway station appeared. Taking care of the employees, Yulia Mikhailovna introduced a new system of social benefits at the enterprise.

She also proved herself to be an outstanding public figure, leaving a bright mark on the history of the city of Kuvshinovo. Yulia Mikhailovna paid great attention to the social sphere and culture, thereby shaping the special appearance of the future city, and made generous donations to education and the improvement of the factory village. According to the designs of the Moscow architect Flegont Flegontovich Voskresensky, whom she invited, a number of buildings were built in the Art Nouveau style, which have survived to this day, including the Passage (known as the “Big Store”) and the People’s House (1913, now the district leisure center) , where peasant children were taught literacy and music for free.

Stone and factory at the beginning of the 20th century

From October 1897 to mid-January 1898, the famous writer A. M. Gorky lived in Kamenny with his family. He stayed in the Ozhegovs' house (in which the compiler of the Russian language dictionary, the famous lexicographer S.I. Ozhegov was later born), in the wing of the house where the apartment of his longtime friend, factory laboratory assistant Nikolai Zakharovich Vasiliev, was located.

During the First World War, production decreased. However, in 1916, the estate of Yu. M. Kuvshinova and a new store (designed by F. F. Voskresensky) were built, which brought considerable income to the shareholders.

In March 1917, at the Kuvshinova factory, activists organized the Council of Workers' Deputies, which represented the interests of 4 thousand workers of the enterprise, railway and peat mining. On October 26, a telegram was received about the overthrow of the Provisional Government. At a meeting held in the People's House, the transfer of power into the hands of the Soviets was proclaimed. A new page of history has opened for the factory. In June 1918, the enterprise was nationalized.

Kuvshinovo with city status

The young city, the center of the pulp and paper industry of the Kalinin region, expanded its borders year after year, new enterprises and institutions were built. In 1938, the Kuvshinovsky bakery was put into operation, and in 1939, school No. 1 was opened, located in a new two-story building on Karl Marx Street. In 1940, the Kamensk Pulp and Paper College opened its doors.

The Great Patriotic War also affected Kuvshinovo. Due to the approaching front line in August 1941, the Kamensk paper mill was completely dismantled as soon as possible and evacuated to the Urals along with its workers. Since 1942, after successful offensive battles of the Red Army, which became a turning point in the war, workers and employees of the enterprise began to return. In December 1942 - early 1943, part of the equipment was also returned, and soon one of the paper-making machines was launched. Under difficult conditions, the factory staff was able to revive paper production, maintain existing equipment and launch new workshops.

In 1950, a workshop for the production of paper and white goods was put into operation, which was subsequently transformed into a notebook section. School No. 2 was built in 1954. In 1960, construction of the Cheryomushki microdistrict began in the rapidly growing city.

In 1963, the Kamensky district was included in the Torzhoksky district, but already in 1965 it was restored as an independent Kuvshinovsky district. In 1966, the Negoch River near the city of Kuvshinovo was blocked with a dam, thus creating the Nizhnee-Negochanskoye Reservoir, whose area is 320 hectares. The reservoir is of great importance for city industry and is one of the favorite places for active recreation of city residents.

In 1979, the Kamensk factory was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. In 1987, a new building was built for school No. 1, which became one of the most equipped and modern schools in the region. In the same year, work began on the construction of a modern hospital complex in Kuvshinov. In 1995, the obelisk “Farewell” was erected in memory of the soldiers who died during the war.

Before the revolution, in the village of Kamenoye there was a stone Trinity Church, built in 1902. During Soviet times, the church was closed and destroyed. In 1999, a new wooden church of St. Ambrose of Optina was founded in the city of Kuvshinovo; construction was completed 9 years later and in 2008 the first service took place in the temple.

In 2002, a boarding school for hearing-impaired children opened in the city. In the 1st quarter of 2005, the Torzhok – Kuvshinovo gas pipeline was put into operation, which made it possible to switch a significant part of the houses to natural gas. In 2011, the central city square was landscaped and a fountain began operating.

Today the city of Kuvshinovo is developing in the most difficult modern conditions. Dynasties of hereditary papermakers still live here, who are the custodians of the traditions of the Kamensk factory and their hometown.

People associated with the city

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The writer A. M. Gorky from October 1897 to mid-January 1898 lived in Kuvshinovo (then the village of Kamenka) in the apartment of his friend Nikolai Zakharovich Vasiliev, who worked at the Kamensk paper factory and led an illegal workers' Marxist circle [33]. Subsequently, the life impressions of this period served Maxim Gorky as material for his novel “The Life of Klim Samgin.” There is currently a memorial plaque installed on the house in which A. M. Gorky lived.
In 1900, S. I. Ozhegov, a professor, famous lexicographer and compiler of the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language,” was born in the village of Kamenny.

The house in which S.I. Ozhegov was born has been preserved.

Soviet general S.I. Oborin was born in Kuvshinov.
From 1969 to 1999, Russian writer Yuri Andreevich Kozlov, former deputy editor-in-chief of the city newspaper Znamya, lived and worked in Kuvshinov. Since 2000, an annual regional literary and creative competition named after him has been held in Kuvshinov[34].
In the village of Maloye Vasilkovo, located a few kilometers from Kuvshinovo, Hero of the Soviet Union, Lieutenant General Ya. S. Vorobyov, was born.
Hero of the Soviet Union Vasily Ivanovich Rakov spent his childhood in the village of Bolshoye Kuznechkovo.
State Duma deputy Sergei Nikolaevich Yushenkov was born in the village of Medvedkovo.
Russian football player, Honored Master of Sports Alexander Kerzhakov often comes to Kuvshinovo
The last concert the day before his death was given by Tver chansonnier Mikhail Vladimirovich Vorobyov (Circle)

History of Kuvshinovsky district

Paper factory

In 1829, the production was rebuilt and improved by the owner, manual labor was replaced by mechanical force. At the same time, the factory was moved to the confluence of the Osuga and Negoch rivers, where the enterprise is located to this day. Soon after the death of V.P. Musin-Pushkin in 1843, the heir to the founder of the production, A.V. Blagov, sold the factory to Major General of the Gendarme Corps Leonty Vasilyevich Dubelt, who in 1851 expanded production, installed modern equipment purchased abroad and increased the number of workers up to 150 people. The son of Leonty Vasilyevich Mikhail Dubelt, being a gambler, in 1867 lost the factory at cards to Pyotr Nikitich Trubetskoy. In 1869, Prince Trubetskoy sold the enterprise to the Moscow merchant of the 1st guild, Mikhail Gavrilovich Kuvshinov. The new owner was a hereditary Honorary Citizen of Moscow and in the middle of the 19th century. was known as a major stationery merchant not only in the Russian Empire, but also abroad. Together with the factory, M. G. Kuvshinov acquired about one and a half thousand acres of adjacent land. Having solid capital, the new owner began expanding the factory. The production was equipped with unprecedented equipment for the 1870s. technological innovations: 6 steam engines, the latest paper-making equipment purchased in England and Germany. The production of high-grade paper was established, a wood pulp plant, the country's first sulfite pulp plant, as well as Russia's first industrial treatment facilities were built. The large-scale modernization carried out led to an increase in volume and expansion of the range of products. The Kamensk paper mill became one of the leading enterprises in Russia and became a monopolist in the field of paper production in the Tver province. In order to organize sales to different parts of the country and abroad, M. G. Kuvshinov established a Trading House in Moscow. In 1882, Mikhail Gavrilovich, together with his son Sergei Mikhailovich, organized the Stationery Factory and Trade Partnership JSC, whose authorized capital amounted to 1.1 million rubles. At the same time, the Kuvshinovs, having left the merchant class, became Russian factory owners. Under the Kuvshinovs, the village of Kamenskoye flourished. The first school was opened in 1878, and a hospital named after was built in 1892. S. M. Kuvshinova. The family business was continued by the younger generation of Kuvshinovs: Sergei Mikhailovich, and after his death during a shipwreck in 1894, by his sister Yulia Mikhailovna Kuvshinova, under whose management the factory was for 24 years. The energetic and purposeful owner paid the main attention to equipping the factory and arranging the workplace for workers. Under her, production capacity was significantly increased, the Torzhok-Kamenny railway was built (1910), and a railway station appeared. Taking care of the employees, Yulia Mikhailovna introduced a new system of social benefits at the enterprise. She also proved herself to be an outstanding public figure, leaving a bright mark on the history of the city of Kuvshinovo. Yulia Mikhailovna paid great attention to the social sphere and culture, thereby shaping the special appearance of the future city, and made generous donations to education and the improvement of the factory village. According to the designs of the Moscow architect Flegont Flegontovich Voskresensky, whom she invited, a number of buildings were built in the Art Nouveau style, which have survived to this day, including the Passage (known as the “Big Store”) and the People’s House (1913, now the district leisure center) , where peasant children were taught literacy and music for free.

Stone and factory at the beginning of the 20th century

In 1910, on the initiative of Yulia Mikhailovna Kuvshinova, the Torzhok – Kamennoe railway was built and put into operation, thanks to which the acute transport problem was solved. A railway station was built near the village of Kamenoye, which was named after the dynasty of factory owners - Kuvshinovo. In 1916, the railway line was extended to the village of Selizharovo. During the First World War, production decreased. However, in 1916, the estate of Yu. M. Kuvshinova and a new store (designed by F. F. Voskresensky) were built, which brought considerable income to the shareholders. In March 1917, at the Kuvshinova factory, activists organized the Council of Workers' Deputies, which represented the interests of 4 thousand workers of the enterprise, railway and peat mining. On October 26, a telegram was received about the overthrow of the Provisional Government. At a meeting held in the People's House, the transfer of power into the hands of the Soviets was proclaimed. A new page of history has opened for the factory. In June 1918, the enterprise was nationalized.

Kuvshinovo with city status

In 1924, the factory village of Kamenoye, which was a volost center, received the status of a workers' village. In 1929, the Kamensky district was formed. In the 1930s Factory employees appealed to the Government with a request to rename the village in honor of Yulia Mikhailovna Kuvshinova. In 1938, the workers' settlement was transformed into a city and received a new name - Kuvshinovo. The young city, the center of the pulp and paper industry of the Kalinin region, expanded its borders year after year, new enterprises and institutions were built. In 1938, the Kuvshinovsky bakery was put into operation, and in 1939, school No. 1 was opened, located in a new two-story building on Karl Marx Street. In 1940, the Kamensk Pulp and Paper College opened its doors. The Great Patriotic War also affected Kuvshinovo. Due to the approaching front line in August 1941, the Kamensk paper mill was completely dismantled as soon as possible and evacuated to the Urals along with its workers. Since 1942, after successful offensive battles of the Red Army, which became a turning point in the war, workers and employees of the enterprise began to return. In December 1942 - early 1943, part of the equipment was also returned, and soon one of the paper-making machines was launched. Under difficult conditions, the factory staff was able to revive paper production, maintain existing equipment and launch new workshops. In 1950, a workshop for the production of paper and white goods was put into operation, which was subsequently transformed into a notebook section. School No. 2 was built in 1954. In 1960, construction of the Cheryomushki microdistrict began in the rapidly growing city. In 1963, the Kamensky district was included in the Torzhoksky district, but already in 1965 it was restored as an independent Kuvshinovsky district. In 1966, the Negoch River near the city of Kuvshinovo was blocked with a dam, thus creating the Nizhnee-Negochanskoye Reservoir, whose area is 320 hectares. The reservoir is of great importance for city industry and is one of the favorite places for active recreation of city residents. In 1979, the Kamensk factory was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. In 1987, a new building was built for school No. 1, which became one of the most equipped and modern schools in the region. In the same year, work began on the construction of a modern hospital complex in Kuvshinov. In 1995, the obelisk “Farewell” was erected in memory of the soldiers who died during the war. Before the revolution, in the village of Kamenoye there was a stone Trinity Church, built in 1902. During Soviet times, the church was closed and destroyed. In 1999, a new wooden church of St. Ambrose of Optina was founded in the city of Kuvshinovo; construction was completed 9 years later and in 2008 the first service took place in the temple. In 2002, a boarding school for hearing-impaired children opened in the city. In the 1st quarter of 2005, the Torzhok – Kuvshinovo gas pipeline was put into operation, which made it possible to switch a significant part of the houses to natural gas. In 2011, the central city square was landscaped and a fountain began operating. Today the city of Kuvshinovo is developing in the most difficult modern conditions. Dynasties of hereditary papermakers still live here, who are the custodians of the traditions of the Kamensk factory and their hometown.

Infrastructure

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The district administration building on Sovetskaya Street.
At the Kamenskaya factory there is a public museum of the history of the factory[35]..

The city has a library and a music school, located in the administration building of a former motor transport enterprise.

In the Kuvshinovsky district, 28 km from Kuvshinovo on the Osuga River, there is the state historical and natural reserve Pryamukhino, in the past the family estate of the Bakunins, the birthplace of M. A. Bakunin (the estate building with a colonnade and a church, a park have been preserved)[36].

In the Kuvshinovsky district in the village of Borzyni there is a museum of peasant genealogies.

On September 15, 2012, a monument to Yulia Kuvshinova was unveiled in the central square of the city[37].

Excerpt characterizing Kuvshinovo

– Don’t talk to me like that: I’m not worth it! – Natasha screamed and wanted to leave the room, but Pierre held her hand. He knew he needed to tell her something else. But when he said this, he was surprised at his own words. “Stop it, stop it, your whole life is ahead of you,” he told her. - For me? No! “Everything is lost for me,” she said with shame and self-humiliation. - Everything is lost? - he repeated. “If I were not me, but the most beautiful, smartest and best person in the world, and were free, I would be on my knees right now asking for your hand and love.” For the first time after many days, Natasha cried with tears of gratitude and tenderness and, looking at Pierre, left the room. Pierre, too, almost ran out into the hall after her, holding back the tears of tenderness and happiness that were choking his throat, without getting into his sleeves, he put on his fur coat and sat down in the sleigh. - Now where do you want to go? - asked the coachman. "Where? Pierre asked himself. Where can you go now? Is it really to the club or guests? All people seemed so pitiful, so poor in comparison with the feeling of tenderness and love that he experienced; in comparison with the softened, grateful look with which she looked at him the last time because of her tears. “Home,” said Pierre, despite the ten degrees of frost, opening his bear coat on his wide, joyfully breathing chest. It was frosty and clear. Above the dirty, dim streets, above the black roofs, there was a dark, starry sky. Pierre, just looking at the sky, did not feel the offensive baseness of everything earthly in comparison with the height at which his soul was located. Upon entering Arbat Square, a huge expanse of starry dark sky opened up to Pierre’s eyes. Almost in the middle of this sky above Prechistensky Boulevard, surrounded and sprinkled on all sides with stars, but differing from everyone else in its proximity to the earth, white light, and long, raised tail, stood a huge bright comet of 1812, the same comet that foreshadowed as they said, all sorts of horrors and the end of the world. But in Pierre this bright star with a long radiant tail did not arouse any terrible feeling. Opposite Pierre, joyfully, eyes wet with tears, looked at this bright star, which, as if, with inexpressible speed, flying immeasurable spaces along a parabolic line, suddenly, like an arrow pierced into the ground, stuck here in one place chosen by it, in the black sky, and stopped, energetically raising her tail up, glowing and playing with her white light between countless other twinkling stars. It seemed to Pierre that this star fully corresponded to what was in his soul, which had blossomed towards a new life, softened and encouraged. From the end of 1811, increased armament and concentration of forces in Western Europe began, and in 1812 these forces - millions of people (including those who transported and fed the army) moved from West to East, to the borders of Russia, to which, in the same way, from 1811 year, Russian forces were gathering. On June 12, the forces of Western Europe crossed the borders of Russia, and war began, that is, an event contrary to human reason and all human nature took place. Millions of people committed each other, against each other, such countless atrocities, deceptions, betrayals, thefts, forgeries and the issuance of false banknotes, robberies, arson and murders, which for centuries will not be collected by the chronicle of all the courts of the world and for which, during this period of time, people those who committed them did not look at them as crimes. What caused this extraordinary event? What were the reasons for it? Historians say with naive confidence that the reasons for this event were the insult inflicted on the Duke of Oldenburg, non-compliance with the continental system, Napoleon’s lust for power, Alexander’s firmness, diplomats’ mistakes, etc. Consequently, it only cost Metternich, Rumyantsev or Talleyrand, between the exit and the reception, a good try and write a more skillful piece of paper or write to Napoleon to Alexander: Monsieur mon frere, je consens a rendre le duche au duc d'Oldenbourg, [My lord brother, I agree to return the dukedom to the Duke of Oldenburg.] - and there would be no war. It is clear that this was how the matter seemed to contemporaries. It is clear that Napoleon thought that the cause of the war was the intrigues of England (as he said on the island of St. Helena); It is clear that it seemed to the members of the English House that the cause of the war was Napoleon’s lust for power; that it seemed to the Prince of Oldenburg that the cause of the war was the violence committed against him; that it seemed to the merchants that the cause of the war was the continental system that was ruining Europe, that it seemed to the old soldiers and generals that the main reason was the need to use them in business; the legitimists of that time that it was necessary to restore les bons principes [good principles], and the diplomats of that time that everything happened because the alliance of Russia with Austria in 1809 was not skillfully hidden from Napoleon and that the memorandum was awkwardly written for No. 178. It is clear that these and a countless, infinite number of reasons, the number of which depends on the countless differences in points of view, seemed to contemporaries; but for us, our descendants, who contemplate the enormity of the event in its entirety and delve into its simple and terrible meaning, these reasons seem insufficient. It is incomprehensible to us that millions of Christian people killed and tortured each other, because Napoleon was power-hungry, Alexander was firm, the politics of England was cunning and the Duke of Oldenburg was offended. It is impossible to understand what connection these circumstances have with the very fact of murder and violence; why, due to the fact that the duke was offended, thousands of people from the other side of Europe killed and ruined the people of the Smolensk and Moscow provinces and were killed by them. For us, descendants - not historians, not carried away by the process of research and therefore contemplating the event with unobscured common sense, its causes appear in innumerable quantities. The more we delve into the search for reasons, the more of them are revealed to us, and every single reason or a whole series of reasons seems to us equally fair in itself, and equally false in its insignificance in comparison with the enormity of the event, and equally false in its invalidity ( without the participation of all other coincident causes) to produce the accomplished event. The same reason as Napoleon’s refusal to withdraw his troops beyond the Vistula and give back the Duchy of Oldenburg seems to us to be the desire or reluctance of the first French corporal to enter secondary service: for, if he did not want to go to service, and the other and the third would not want , and the thousandth corporal and soldier, there would have been so many fewer people in Napoleon’s army, and there could have been no war. If Napoleon had not been offended by the demand to retreat beyond the Vistula and had not ordered the troops to advance, there would have been no war; but if all the sergeants had not wished to enter secondary service, there could not have been a war. There also could not have been a war if there had not been the intrigues of England, and there had not been the Prince of Oldenburg and the feeling of insult in Alexander, and there would have been no autocratic power in Russia, and there would have been no French Revolution and the subsequent dictatorship and empire, and all that , which produced the French Revolution, and so on. Without one of these reasons nothing could happen. Therefore, all these reasons - billions of reasons - coincided in order to produce what was. And, therefore, nothing was the exclusive cause of the event, and the event had to happen only because it had to happen. Millions of people, having renounced their human feelings and their reason, had to go to the East from the West and kill their own kind, just as several centuries ago crowds of people went from East to West, killing their own kind. The actions of Napoleon and Alexander, on whose word it seemed that an event would happen or not happen, were as little arbitrary as the action of each soldier who went on a campaign by lot or by recruitment. This could not be otherwise because in order for the will of Napoleon and Alexander (those people on whom the event seemed to depend) to be fulfilled, the coincidence of countless circumstances was necessary, without one of which the event could not have happened. It was necessary that millions of people, in whose hands there was real power, soldiers who fired, carried provisions and guns, it was necessary that they agreed to fulfill this will of individual and weak people and were brought to this by countless complex, varied reasons. Fatalism in history is inevitable to explain irrational phenomena (that is, those whose rationality we do not understand). The more we try to rationally explain these phenomena in history, the more unreasonable and incomprehensible they become for us. Each person lives for himself, enjoys freedom to achieve his personal goals and feels with his whole being that he can now do or not do such and such an action; but as soon as he does it, this action, performed at a certain moment in time, becomes irreversible and becomes the property of history, in which it has not a free, but a predetermined meaning. There are two sides of life in every person: personal life, which is the more free the more abstract its interests are, and spontaneous, swarm life, where a person inevitably fulfills the laws prescribed to him. Man consciously lives for himself, but serves as an unconscious tool for achieving historical, universal goals. A committed act is irrevocable, and its action, coinciding in time with millions of actions of other people, acquires historical significance. The higher a person stands on the social ladder, the more important people he is connected with, the more power he has over other people, the more obvious the predetermination and inevitability of his every action. “The heart of a king is in the hand of God.” The king is a slave of history. History, that is, the unconscious, general, swarm life of humanity, uses every minute of the life of the kings as an instrument for its own purposes. Napoleon, despite the fact that more than ever, now, in 1812, it seemed to him that the verser or not verser le sang de ses peuples [to shed or not to shed the blood of his people] depended on him (as he wrote to him in his last letter Alexander), never more than now was he subject to those inevitable laws that forced him (acting in relation to himself, as it seemed to him, at his own discretion) to do for the common cause, for history, what had to happen. Westerners moved to the East to kill each other. And according to the law of coincidence of causes, thousands of small reasons for this movement and for the war coincided with this event: reproaches for non-compliance with the continental system, and the Duke of Oldenburg, and the movement of troops to Prussia, undertaken (as it seemed to Napoleon) only to to achieve armed peace, and the love and habit of the French emperor for war, which coincided with the disposition of his people, the fascination with the grandeur of the preparations, and the expenses of preparation, and the need to acquire such benefits that would repay these expenses, and the stupefying honors in Dresden, and diplomatic negotiations, which, in the opinion of contemporaries, were carried out with a sincere desire to achieve peace and which only hurt the pride of both sides, and millions of millions of other reasons that were counterfeited by the event that was about to take place and coincided with it. When an apple is ripe and falls, why does it fall? Is it because it gravitates towards the ground, is it because the rod is drying up, is it because it is being dried out by the sun, is it getting heavy, is it because the wind is shaking it, is it because the boy standing below wants to eat it? Nothing is a reason. All this is just a coincidence of the conditions under which every vital, organic, spontaneous event takes place. And that botanist who finds that the apple falls because the fiber is decomposing and the like will be just as right and wrong as that child standing below who will say that the apple fell because he wanted to eat him and that he prayed about it. Just as right and wrong will be the one who says that Napoleon went to Moscow because he wanted it, and died because Alexander wanted his death: just as right and wrong will be the one who says that the one that fell into a million pounds the dug mountain fell because the last worker struck under it for the last time with a pickaxe. In historical events, the so-called great people are labels that give names to the event, which, like labels, have the least connection with the event itself. Each of their actions, which seems to them arbitrary for themselves, is in the historical sense involuntary, but is in connection with the entire course of history and is determined from eternity.

Gallery

View of the Lower Factory of the M. G. Kuvshinov Partnership and the dam on the Osuga River.
View of the house of the director of the partnership’s stationery factory, M. G. Kuvshinov.
Kuvshinovo, apartments of the director and accountant of the stationery factory.
View of the stationery factory and the houses of the factory employees.
“People's House”, built by Yu. M. Kuvshinova, which also houses a local history museum.
The building of the directorate of the Kamensk paper and cardboard factory.
Administrative building of the Kamensk paper and cardboard factory.
Kuvshinovsky House of Culture.
Memorial stele in memory of the workers of the Kamensk paper and cardboard factory who died in the Great Patriotic War.
Church of St. Ambrose of Optinsky, view from Oktyabrskaya Street.
The building of the Kuvshinovo railway station, view from the platform in January 2010. The filming of several films took place against the backdrop of the station building, the action of which took place before and during the Great Patriotic War.
Water tower of Kuvshinovo station, January 2010.
Stele in memory of the heroes who died in the Great Patriotic War.
January 2009, memorable dates on the central square of the city of Kuvshinovo.

Notes

↑ 12
Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2021 (Russian). Date accessed: October 17, 2021. Archived October 17, 2021.
Postal codes of Russia
THE USSR. Administrative-territorial division of the union republics on January 1, 1980 / Comp. V. A. Dudarev, N. A. Evseeva. - M.: Izvestia, 1980. - 702 p. — P. 133.
Law of the Tver Region of February 28, 2005 N 33-ZO “On establishing the boundaries of municipalities that are part of the territory of the municipal formation of the Tver Region “Kuvshinovsky District”, and granting them the status of an urban or rural settlement”
Tverskaya estate
Catalog “Kamenny Village on Old Postcards”, Tver, 2007, introductory article by S. I. Senin: The factory of V. P. Musin-Pushkin worked on recycled materials - rags, matting and other textile waste.
Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 29, 2014 No. 1398-r “On approval of the list of single-industry towns”
Tver province. List of populated places. According to information from 1859. — Central Statistical Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. - St. Petersburg, 1862. - 454 p.
Collection of statistical information on the Tver province. — Statistical Department of the Tver Provincial Zemstvo Council. - Tver, 1889. - T. II. Novotorzhsky district.
↑ 123456789101112
People's encyclopedia "My City". Kuvshinovo
RGAE, f. 1562, op. 336, no. 1248, pp. 49—57
All-Union Population Census of 1959. The size of the urban population of the RSFSR, its territorial units, urban settlements and urban areas by gender (Russian). Demoscope Weekly. Access date: September 25, 2013. Archived April 28, 2013.
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Kuvshinovo. The path from a “depressed territory” to an exemplary developing area

We are publishing analytical material about the development of the Kuvshinovsky district and strange attempts to prevent this development

As we have written many times, by 2014 the Kuvshinovsky district was in a very deplorable state. The previous administration was not very successful in developing the economy and social sphere, but managed to accumulate 80 million rubles in debt. With the coming to power of the head of the district, Igor Avvakumov, and the head of the administration, Mikhail Avaev, the situation has improved significantly, now the Kuvshinovsky district is a growth point on the map of the Tver region, a positive example and model for many other municipalities of the Tver region. The main thing now is to continue and expand the work started

It would take a long time to list what has been done in the Kuvshinovsky district over the past five years. Let's dwell on the most important points. Let us give examples of some key economic projects.

A deep modernization of the city-forming enterprise, the Kamensk paper and cardboard factory, was carried out. The investment project for modernization has become the largest in the history of the Kuvshinovsky district. A unique paper-making machine No. 7 was installed and put into production. There are only five such machines in Europe. Thanks to its successful development, the factory has achieved outstanding economic performance, which few previously dared to even dream of. Thus, Kamenskaya BKF paid 1 billion 750 million rubles in taxes in the last year 2018 alone, of which about 500 million were sent to the regional budget, and 1 billion 250 million to the federal budget. The enterprise employs about 700 people, and together with related enterprises - more than 1000. The average salary at the factory reached 44 thousand rubles per month. This level of income is considered quite good even for residents of the regional capital, not to mention the regional centers. By the way, approximately the same amount, 44 thousand rubles, is the monthly salary of the head of the district administration.

In addition to the city-forming enterprise, many other business projects are successfully developing, including those that were “started from scratch.” “Nikolaevskaya Farm” was literally built from scratch, where before there were only fields overgrown with hogweed. Today it is an advanced enterprise with the ability to produce up to 100 tons of high-quality dairy products per day. Dairy products from Nikolaevskaya Farm are successfully sold not only in the Tver region, but also in Moscow and the Moscow region, St. Petersburg, and Kazan. Production is expanding, new areas of activity are being developed. Construction of a cheese shop begins this year, and next year they will create their own cowsheds.

An enterprise for the production of “biaxially oriented polyproprylene films” (in simple terms, cling film) with a capacity of 16,000 tons of finished products per year has almost been built; commissioning work is currently underway; the plant should begin operations in October.

A project has been launched to create the Kuvshinovsky greenhouse complex, the first stage of which will unfold on an area of 3 hectares, and the final version is planned to be 15 hectares, that is, it will become one of the largest in the Tver region.

Instead of the previously bankrupt and closed Kuvshinovsky bakery, a new enterprise, “Kuvshinovsky Bread”, was created with a higher quality and range of products.

There are many other projects that deserve attention, but it is impossible to describe them all in one article. Let us only add that small and medium-sized businesses are successfully developing in the Kuvshinovsky district, and small enterprises in the field of trade, catering, services, etc. are growing like mushrooms after rain. Unlike many other districts of the Tver region.

Not only production

The current administration of the Kuvshinovsky district sets itself the task of not only developing and expanding the production sector, but also creating a comfortable environment for residents. A lot has already been done in this direction. So, in a small regional center with a population of 10,000, there is a cinema, two restaurants, and two cafes, one of which is for children; The “Tasty Like Home” chain and natural food stores appeared.

Much attention is paid to the development of physical education and sports, promoting a healthy lifestyle. Outdoor exercise equipment, a mini-football ground, and a free gym with a wide range of equipment were built. A minibus was purchased for the needs of a children's sports school.

In the small town of Kuvshinovo there are two courts, two swimming pools, sambo and judo sections, and dozens of sports competitions are held in a variety of sports. Kuvshinovsky athletes participate in almost all regional sports competitions. Kuvshinovsky boxing coach Sergei Muranov trained 8 masters of sports. Every year the Kuvshinovsky district is visited by the famous football player Kerzhakov, who conducts master classes for beginner football fans. Few people know about this, but Kerzhakov began his journey to sports Olympus on Kuvshinovskaya land. Coming to Kuvshinovsky on vacation to visit his grandmother at school age, he spent time playing football.

Even such an exotic sport for the Tver hinterland as motocross is developing. A motocross track has been built, which hosts high-level competitions, including European Cup stages.

A few words about budgets

No successful development is possible without an appropriate material base, without financial investments. Therefore, let us dwell in a little more detail on issues of budget policy.

The budget of the Kuvshinovsky district is about 280 million rubles a year, of which about 100 million are its own tax revenues. The rest comes from subsidies from the regional and federal budgets. And the budget of the city of Kuvshinovo is only 28 million rubles a year.

It would seem that the city and region are subsidized and financially insolvent. But in reality this is far from the case. It was already said above that the enterprise alone - Kuvshinovskaya BKF - transfers 1 billion 750 million rubles per year to the budgets of the region and the country. That is, it turns out that the Kuvshinovsky district is not a subsidized territory, but, on the contrary, a donor district that gives much more money to the region and the country in the form of taxes than it receives back in the form of subsidies. If at least a third of the taxes from the key enterprise remained in the municipality, then no subsidies would be needed at all, and there would be much more opportunities for solving social problems. But this is no longer a question for local authorities, but for the financial block of the government. Perhaps it is necessary to reform the budget and tax policies of the state so that there are no situations where a “shoemaker without boots,” that is, those who earn money for the region and the country, themselves sit without money.

But even with this budgetary and financial situation, the district administration is doing everything to repay the debts accumulated as a result of the dubious activities of the previous district authorities. So, 5 years ago the district’s debts amounted to 80 million rubles, in the spring of this year - 41 million, and currently - only about 30 million. By the end of the current year 2019, it is planned to reduce this figure to 25 million.

Successful interaction between different levels of government is the key to sustainable development

It is no secret that one of the key conditions for the development of any municipal entity is the establishment of a constructive dialogue between district authorities and the regional leadership and the federal center. In the Kuvshinovsky district, this area of work is well-established and functions at a very decent level. The district constantly participates in almost all regional and federal target programs, national projects, etc. Unlike many other municipalities of the Tver region, where local authorities are either too lazy to take part in the programs, or simply do not really know about their existence. This work is bearing fruit and helps improve the quality of life of the population of the Kuvshinovsky district. Thus, only thanks to participation in the target program “Safe Roads” in the city of Kuvshinovo, a volume of road repair work worth 30 million rubles was carried out, despite the fact that the city’s annual budget, which is 28 million, in principle could not cope with this task at your own expense.

Preserving the ecological purity of Kuvshinovsky land is an absolute priority

In connection with the confident growth of the economy and the production sector, another important question arises. About preserving the unique nature of the Kuvshinovsky district, located almost at the top of the Valdai Upland. “We don’t want to turn our region into a semblance of some Ural region, where industrial landscapes have completely replaced natural ecosystems, and the horizon is obscured by endless palisades of smoking chimneys of factories,” says the head of the administration of the Kuvshinovsky district, Mikhail Avaev. The main priority of the current administration is maintaining environmental cleanliness. Great efforts are being made for this, for example, such advanced treatment plant systems have been built at the Kamenskaya BKF that the water “out” from the enterprise turns out to be cleaner and safer than “at the inlet”. But maintaining the highest environmental standards should not harm economic development. On the contrary, an interesting direction of development is the production in the Kuvshinovsky district of environmentally friendly agricultural products that are safe for the health of consumers, which residents of cities with a population of one million are ready to purchase, even at a higher price than their competitors.

Big plans

The current administration of the Kuvshinovsky district has big plans and many promising projects that have yet to be implemented. A lot has been done in five years, but it is impossible to do everything in five years. A number of problems are still waiting to be solved. Even more high-productivity jobs need to be created. Create living conditions for people, especially young people, at a level no worse than in large cities. So that young people can live and realize themselves in their native region, and not strive to leave it forever.

In order not to be unfounded, we will give specific examples. The goal for the next five years is to build a multifunctional sports center. Complete greenhouse facilities. Continue modernization of the city-forming enterprise.

Kuvshinovsky district is changing. It's changing for the better. Local residents see this. If several years ago, in the evening, the streetlights were not lit on entire streets, now, even if one light bulb is not lit, this is considered almost an emergency. The quality of roads has improved.

Major politicians and experts see this; the Kuvshinovsky district and the activities of its administration have earned very high marks even at the global St. Petersburg International Economic Forum.

The main task now is not to do harm, not to interrupt the successful work begun halfway. But, apparently, not everyone likes the successful development of the Kuvshinovsky district, or someone decided to put their personal ambitions above the interests of the residents of the entire district.

Who is hindered by the development of the Kuvshinovsky district?

But the Kuvshinovsky district still has many problems. Thus, one of the large boiler houses, which long ago and under circumstances that were not fully clarified, became the property of Mr. Golodny’s structures, is managed ineffectively and has accumulated about 100 million rubles in debt to fuel suppliers. Perhaps they are deliberately trying to bankrupt the boiler house, in the spirit of fraudulent schemes from the 90s, in order to then write off the accumulated debts.

A very difficult moment - with the question of entering the capital repair program. The previous administration left a heavy legacy - during the major renovations, fraud and misappropriation of funds were committed. This gave rise to serious investigation, and criminal cases were initiated. But the investigation was hindered; many important documents disappeared without a trace. And the prosecutor, who was supposed to deal with all this, suddenly left his position “for promotion.” The prosecutors who replaced him stubbornly refuse to face this problem. The district administration is trying to understand the situation, writing appeals and requests to regulatory authorities, in particular to the prosecutor's office. But no one answers these requests.

Worse, as soon as the administration begins to make efforts in this direction, in response, instead of help, a counter flow of complaints, quibbles and attempts to disrupt the work begins. It’s as if someone specifically doesn’t want the investigation to come to a logical conclusion and the perpetrators to be punished.

One of the prosecutor's employees is systematically trying to disrupt the normal course of work of the administration of the Kuvshinovsky district, engaging in senseless and endless litigation over any minor issue. Then the snowdrift at the bus stop will be as much as 8 centimeters higher than normal. He is trying to count potholes on the roads, although everyone knows that the condition of the roads in the Kuvshinovsky district is much better than in most other districts of the Tver region.

In general, strange quibbles pour out like a cornucopia, as a result, fines are issued, criminal cases are opened, the normal work of local authorities is actually disrupted due to the activities of a very narrow circle of people. The administration is forced to work all day long on unsubscribes and formal bureaucratic procedures. The basis for this disgrace is some allegedly received “anonymous appeals”, only who saw them, these appeals, not to mention who actually wrote them. And did you write at all? Some very murky stories in the spirit of the 1930s and the Yezhovshchina.

The administration of the Kuvshinovsky district works, in general, well, although not without some shortcomings. It would be desirable for the given pace of development to be maintained and accelerated.

The editors of our newspaper will definitely make every effort to fully understand the current situation. Already in September, journalists will go on a business trip to Kuvshinovo to conduct a full-fledged journalistic investigation on the spot and publish its results in great detail.

Alexander Vladimirov