Dmitrov

History of conferring the honorary title “City of Military Glory”

On June 22, 1941, peaceful life was interrupted by an attack by Nazi Germany.
The war aroused a feeling of patriotism among the people, a desire to defend the freedom and independence of the Motherland with all their might. Already in the first month of the war, thousands of our fellow countrymen went to the front voluntarily and through mobilization. In total, during the war, the Dmitrov region sent about 40 thousand soldiers to the front. At the beginning of November 1941, with the approach of the front, the threat of occupation loomed over the area; the equipment of the enterprises and their workers were evacuated to the east of the country. This was also required by the bombing of Dmitrov - bridges, enterprises, and the railway station that began in October. On November 5, 12 people died in the glove factory village alone. On November 11, the station was bombed, killing 67 people.

Meanwhile, the front line approached the Moscow region. At the moment of the greatest advance towards Moscow, the enemy found himself on the ancient Dmitrov land. With the forces of 2 tank and 1st motorized divisions, the enemy rushed to Dmitrov and Yakhroma. In Yakhroma, no one expected the Germans to appear, and besides, they cheated. Specially trained saboteurs, dressed in our uniforms, took advantage of the darkness, removed the guards and captured the bridge, which allowed their tanks and infantry to cross to the eastern bank of the canal on the night of November 27-28.

Early in the morning of November 29, units of the 29th and 50th rifle brigades suddenly went on the attack and broke into the outskirts of the village. The enemy group was defeated and thrown back across the canal. The serious threat hanging over the capital of the north was eliminated. And the territory is not large, only a few hundred meters from Peremilov to the canal, but this was the first liberated piece of the native Moscow region. There was no strength to develop the offensive, and it was difficult to hold the Yakhroma bridge. The commander of the First Shock Army, Lieutenant General V.I. Kuznetsov. it was decided to blow up the bridge. On November 29, a group of sappers was sent to blow up the bridge. The car with the explosives was hit, and the sappers had to carry the boxes with the explosives on themselves. By the time we got to the bridge, 9 out of 13 died, while two more died while they were laying explosives. They set fire to the fuse and began to retreat; the lieutenant in command of the operation was mortally wounded. In the end, there was only one survivor. At a high price, but the bridge was blown up. At this time, canal workers, using locks, released part of the water from the canal into the Yakhroma River and Sestra. An airless space formed under the ice, and the ice fell through. Then the water was turned on again and it broke the remaining ice. This allowed the troops of the First Shock Army to gain time, pull up forces and prepare for the decisive offensive.

On December 6, the counter-offensive of the Western Front troops began.

Stubborn fighting broke out near Yakhroma. The city center, located on a hillside, seemed to rise up in steps. The enemy occupied the upper lines. Machine guns were placed in the attics of houses and in the bell tower. The enemy also had tanks and enough artillery at their disposal. The enemy forces were superior.

The civilian population came to the aid of our troops. The group of fighters managed to break through to the city center. By December 11, the territory of the region was completely liberated from the invaders. This was a turning point in the course of the war. It was from here that Soviet troops under the command of Rokossovsky and Lyulushenko launched a victorious counter-offensive.

On October 28, 2008, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation D.A. Medvedev No. 1534, the city of Dmitrov was awarded the honorary title of the Russian Federation “City of Military Glory”: for the courage, fortitude and mass heroism shown by the city’s defenders in the struggle for freedom and independence of the Fatherland.

DMITROV, a city in Russia, in the northern part of the Moscow region, the center of the Dmitrov urban district. Population 68.8 thousand people. (2019). Located on the river. Yakhroma, cargo port on the Moscow Canal. Railroad station. The Moscow-Dubna highway passes through Dmitrov.

Story

Founded in 1154 by the Rostov-Suzdal prince Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky and named in honor of his son Vsevolod Yuryevich Big Nest (baptized Dimitri). From 1157 it was part of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir (after 1212 - in the Principality of Pereyaslavl). In the beginning. 1181 burned by Prince Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich. In 1213, during a strife between the sons of Vsevolod the Big Nest, the Dmitrovites themselves burned the city settlement (which probably appeared in the last quarter of the 12th century) and repelled the attack of the Yuriev prince Vladimir Vsevolodovich, destroying part of his squad.

In the beginning. 1238 Dmitrov was devastated during the Mongol-Tatar invasion. Since 1247, one of the centers of the Galicia-Dmitrov Principality, and after its collapse (between 1280 and 1334) - the Dmitrov Principality (about 1360 it became part of the Moscow Grand Duchy). Repeatedly subjected to Horde raids in the 13th–15th centuries. In 1372 it was captured by the Grand Duke of Tver Mikhail Alexandrovich. The city was taken by one of the Horde detachments during the Tokhtamysh raid of 1382, and was devastated during the Edigei raid of 1408. In 1389, Dmitrov with the adjacent volosts formed the appanage Dmitrov principality, allocated to Prince Peter Dmitrievich. From 1428 it became part of the grand ducal possessions. In the end 1454 – beginning 1455 Dmitrov went to the son of the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily II Vasilyevich the Dark - Yuri Vasilyevich, after his death (1472) - to the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III Vasilyevich, who allocated him to feed Prince Andrei Borisovich of Mikulin, who transferred to the Moscow service. According to the will of Ivan III, the city became the center of the possessions of his son, Yuri Ivanovich (1504–33). In 1566–69 Dmitrov belonged to Prince Vladimir Andreevich. At 15 – 1st half. 16th centuries - a major center for trade in salt, fish, bread, from the 16th century. – production of polished ceramics; Pottery, ironworking, blacksmithing, and jewelry making were developed. The wealth of Dmitrov merchants was noted by S. von Herberstein.

During the Time of Troubles, Dmitrov was briefly captured by the detachment of Ya. P. Sapieha. Changes in trade routes in the 2nd half. 16th century and the ruin of Dmitrov in 1610 led to the economic decline of the city. In the 17th century There were palace settlements in the city (stable settlement, etc.). In 1708–1929, a district town in the Moscow province. In 1900, the Moscow–Savelovo line of the Northern Railways passed through Dmitrov. During World War I, many enterprises in Dmitrov and the district switched to producing military products. In 1918–21, the anarchist theorist P. A. Kropotkin lived in the city, participating in the creation of the local museum. For the construction of the Moscow-Volga canal (from 1947 the Moscow Canal), the Dmitrovsky forced labor camp of the OGPU (from 1934 NKVD; Dmitlag), which was subordinate to the Gulag (1932–38), was created. During the Great Patriotic War, during the Battle of Moscow 1941–42, fierce battles took place near Dmitrov in November 1941 between the Red Army and German troops. In 1929–2018, the regional center of the Moscow region. City of Military Glory (2008). From 2021, a city of regional subordination of the Moscow region, the center of the urban district.

Archeology

Ensemble of the Nikolo-Peshnoshsky Monastery. Photo by A. I. Nagaev

Dmitrov. Assumption Cathedral. Between 1509 and 1533. In the foreground is a monument to Yuri Dolgoruky (2001, sculptor V. Tserkovnikov). Photo by A. I. Nagaev

Dmitrov is an important archaeological site. Its cultural layer up to 2 m thick (divided into three horizons: 11th–13th centuries, 14th–15th centuries and 16th–17th centuries) was identified on the territory of the Kremlin, as well as on the settlement to the northeast of the Kremlin. Detinets (200×120 m) is protected along the perimeter by a rampart (has three breaks, two of which - from the northeast and southwest - on the site of an ancient gate) and a ditch. A wooden wall with towers ran along the shaft; the remains of piles driven into the embankment were discovered. In the horizon of the 11th–13th centuries. (thickness 0.3–0.5 m), including a layer of coal with the remains of wood (possibly traces of fire 1181), fragments of molded and circular dishes, tools, jewelry, etc. were found. Many coins were found on the territory of the Kremlin, which indicates wide trade connections of the city. Remains of wooden dwellings from the 12th–17th centuries have been excavated. with ovens made of clay or square bricks. In the southwestern part of the Kremlin (on the site of the building of the Noble Assembly), a unique cemetery dating from the 12th to 16th centuries was studied. with a total area of at least 400 m2 (out of 177 buried, 100 had a south-southwest orientation of the head, 25 - southwest, 10 - south and only 6 - the usual west; a rich burial of a girl from the 12th-13th centuries was found with silver jewelry and gold sewing a collar, which indicates the high social status of those buried in this cemetery).

Architecture

In accordance with the master plan of 1784, the original radial structure of Dmitrov was largely replaced by a geometric grid of blocks. On the territory of Detinets, the 5-domed, 4-pillar Assumption Cathedral on a high basement has been preserved (between 1509 and 1533; according to some researchers, 1510s), erected on white stone basements with faceted apses and monumental tiled compositions depicting the Crucifixion and St. George Victorious (1st half of the 16th century or 2nd half of the 15th century); central iconostasis – con. 17th century with icons from the 16th–18th centuries. The aisles with pseudo-Gothic elements were built on the site of ancient galleries - the northern one (laid in 1823, architect F. M. Shestakov) and the southern one (project 1841, architect D. F. Borisov). The bell tower of the cathedral (1793–96, architect M. Ya. Agafonov) was built in 1820 according to the design of architect. A.F. Elkitsky. Nearby is the Elizabethan Church (1897–98, architect S.K. Rodionov). Not far from the Kremlin is the Borisoglebsky Monastery (according to legend, founded by Prince Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky, the first documentary evidence of it dates back to 1472; closed in 1926, reopened in 1993) with the single-domed Cathedral of Saints Boris and Gleb (until 1537; restored in the 1900s . under the leadership of architect I. P. Mashkov; Alekseevsky chapel - the burial vault of the Chaplin family of nobles, 1656), the gateway St. Nicholas Church (1672–87; rebuilt in 1834, 1852) and the fence (1685–89). Among other monuments: churches in the Baroque style - Spasskaya (1767–73), Ilyinskaya (1778–83), Troitskaya-Tikhvinskaya (1795–1801); samples of wooden Empire and neo-Empire styles (houses of the Klyatovs, Novoselov, Vadbolsky). Complex of the Podlipichye estate (which became part of the city in the 1930s) - the main house (2nd half of the 18th century, twice rebuilt in the middle - 2nd half of the 19th century, with eclectic decor) and Kazan church (1735–53; chapel, 1778–79, architect I. M. Samarin). In the Zarechye area there is the baroque Vvedenskaya Church (1766; iconostasis, 2nd half of the 18th century; bell tower, 1786, 1832), the estate of A. I. and I. A. Tolchenov (the main building of the merchant estate, 1785), etc.

Centers of science and culture

Branches and representative offices of universities, including MSTU, Moscow State Academy of Instrument Engineering and Informatics, Russian State University for the Humanities, Dubna University. Economics-legal and polytechnic colleges, medical school. Museum-reserve "Dmitrov Kremlin" (1918). Theaters: drama "Big Nest" (1991), children's "Snow White" (1992).

Sport

Sports complex "Dmitrov", stadium "Lokomotiv". Dmitrov is a traditional center of aeronautics; international hot-air balloon competitions are held annually for the Moscow Region Governor's Cup, and Russian championships have been held. The city also hosts stages of the Russian motorcycle racing championship. Women's hockey club "Tornado" (founded in 2003) - 9-time champion of Russia and 6-time silver medalist (from 2004 to 2018); 4-time winner of the European Cup (2010 and 2012–14) and 2nd medalist in 2007.

Farm

Factories: experimental aluminum and combined tape (for the production of canning containers, ventilated facades, slatted ceilings, etc.), milling machines, excavator (trench excavators, road machines, etc.), experimental mechanical (flaw detectors for monitoring components and assemblies of railway rolling stock transport, equipment for the repair of components and assemblies, etc.), "Dmitrov-Kable" (cable and wire products), reinforced concrete bridge structures, flexible packaging (products mainly for the needs of the food industry: bags, foil, films, etc.), woodworking (lumber, window blocks, etc.). Production of lifting equipment for car services (DARZ company), signaling devices to ensure the safety of transported goods (Alfa-Siltek company), building materials (PVC siding, facade panels, etc. - Deke Extrusion company), furniture (Ladya factory ", upholstered furniture), hosiery, hats, gloves ("Dmitrovsky knitwear"), dairy ("Dmitrovsky Dairy Plant"), meat () products, etc.

Neighborhood

Near Dmitrov, in the village. Lugovoy, - ensemble of the Nikolo-Peshnoshsky monastery (founded in 1361; closed in 1920, it housed a psychiatric hospital): cathedral and bell tower (late 15th - 1st third of the 16th centuries, restored in the 1960s); refectory with the Presentation Church (1st half of the 16th century, rebuilt in the classicist style at the turn of the 18th–19th centuries); churches - hospital St. Dmitry of Rostov with the body of cells, 1811–29, and the Preobrazhenskaya gate, end. 17th century; cells, con. 17th – 19th centuries; brick walls and towers, 17th – 1st third of 18th centuries. In the village Hermitage is the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary (1547) and the bell tower (16th century, rebuilt in 1871) of the former Medvedeva Hermitage. Not far from Dmitrov, a number of noble estates have been preserved: Danilovskoye [ensemble with a central-axial layout in the Baroque style: a house (late 1760s - early 1770s, heavily rebuilt in the 2nd half of the 19th century) with outbuildings , St. Nicholas Church, 1768–71]; Olgovo; Nikolskoye-Obolyanovo (main house in the classicist style, St. Nicholas Church, 2nd half of the 18th century, and landscape park, late 18th century). Among other monuments is St. Nicholas Church in the village. Batyushkovo (1666; type of Moscow posad church), churches: Assumption in the village. Shukolovo (1701; bell tower, 1762, rebuilt in the 1st quarter of the 19th century), Nikolskaya in the village. Ozeretskoe (1704–1708; in the Moscow Baroque style), baroque Nativity of the Virgin Mary in the village. Selevkino (not earlier than the early 1770s), classic Pokrova in the village. Andreevskoe (1803; according to the design of the 1790s by architect F. Camporesi), Nikolskaya in the Russian-Byzantine style in the village. Rogachevo (1862–86; refectory – 1850–53; bell tower – 1877). In the village Verbilki – Dmitrov Porcelain Factory.

The city during the Second World War

“During the occupation, the population lived in basements, in sheds and in dugouts, in dugouts and trenches left over from the battles, some of their neighbors who were not surrounded by the Germans. Some were hiding in the swamp, in the forest. In several villages, the population hid under the church. There are passages under the church, that’s where we hid. In another village, the Nazis drove all the civilians from their houses into a basement storage facility, and no one was allowed out of this basement. We lived from hand to mouth. We didn't see any bread. All food went to the table of the German invaders. Many were able to hide at least something, but this was not enough. There was no food, mostly boiling water and potatoes.

The Nazis behaved unceremoniously with the population, mocked them, treated them like cattle.”

Perpetuating memory (Main monuments related to the Second World War)

Peremilovskaya Vysota (Peremilovsky Heights) is the site of battles during the Great Patriotic War. This place received this name at the end of 1941, when bloody battles took place here from November 27 to December 5, after the name of the village of Peremilovo, Dmitrovsky district, on the left (eastern) bank of the Moscow Canal (Moscow-Volga Canal).
Memorial "Eternal Flame" in memory of those who defended our homeland and life during the Great Patriotic War.
Stele "City of Military Glory".

Sports and life after sports in Dmitrov

At one time, the city of Dmitrov was an ordinary town in the north of the Moscow region. No one was particularly interested. But at the very beginning of the 21st century, the Russian government became interested in alpine skiing and decided to organize the Alps at its side. I think that because of the acceptable mountain landscape, the choice fell on the Dmitrovsky district, especially since there were already some developments in skiing.

In the village of Yakhroma, near Dmitrov, a ski resort was organized. And things went well. Many bigwigs began to rest physically and mentally there. Restaurants, hotels, banquet halls, clubs, SPA centers and, of course, high-quality trails were built and equipped with the latest technology. The city and region lived happily ever after. I know for sure that during the crisis, when the district was unable to pay for electricity, its debt was written off in whole or in part. What can you not do because of your love for skiing and a healthy lifestyle!

During this time, sports facilities were opened not only in Yakhroma. In Dmitrov itself, a huge full-service fitness center and several ice palaces for various sports were built.

One of the ice palaces. Photo by https://fotki.yandex.ru/users/polk51890/

And all this was followed by the opening of numerous sportswear stores. In a city with a population of 60,000 people, there are more than fifteen sports equipment and ammunition stores! Now they are slowly starting to repurpose themselves into grocery departments.

And then the rulers’ love for Dmitrov and for sports near Moscow faded a little. The district is no longer so generously funded. And many large objects have already been set up! It seems like it's good, but it's not all that beautiful. In order to adequately maintain buildings, complexes, roads and other infrastructure, a constant influx of funds is needed. The district ran out of money. Many private owners closed shops and factories and began renting out premises. Only one plant remained operational in the city. With Yakhroma everything is not so sad. Dmitrov residents and Muscovites still go there on weekends to barbecue and ski.

I'm a young girl. I love shopping, but in Dmitrov, apart from sportswear, there are practically no normal clothing stores. There is one large shopping center in the city, but you can walk around it in 10 minutes and not find anything interesting. There are several brand stores with medium and low prices for outfits, but they do not bring new collections. Everyone goes to Moscow to buy clothes. And at work too!

Shopping arcades in the city. Photo by jul-karina (https://fotki.yandex.ru/users/jul-karina/)

Electric trains run every hour to Savyolovsky station. But you can get to the capital by car without traffic jams only at night or early in the morning. The road to Dmitrov has been undergoing major repairs for several years now. It is not being expanded, but additional interchanges and overpasses are being made. If you need to get to Moscow during the day, then the average speed will be no more than 12 km/h. But we have to go! Without visiting the capital's shopping centers, including grocery stores, it is difficult to live in a small town with low salaries. It is considered good if you receive 20,000 rubles.

In general, many of my friends began to buy goods in online stores. They order delivery to Savelovsky Station, go there by train and pick up what they bought. Online stores do not like to deliver purchases to Dmitrov. The road is crooked, with traffic jams and populated areas. If they take delivery, the price will be so high that you will think 10 times about the need for such a service.

Historical square. Photo by jul-karina (https://fotki.yandex.ru/users/jul-karina/)

For entertainment, there are cinemas, one theater, a historical landmark, 3 clubs, several cafes and restaurants. In good weather, everyone walks around the center and in the grove. In summer there is nowhere to swim, unless you find some small pond. The Moscow Canal runs near the city, but it is not suitable for swimming.

A lot of people go to work at Sheremetyevo Airport or Moscow. Some people take their children to study in Moscow schools, gymnasiums or lyceums. In Dmitrov itself there is a real problem with higher educational institutions. You can get a higher education in just one institution. Again, young people leave for the capital and then don’t come back. There are simply no young teachers and doctors in the city. On the one hand, it’s good that mostly experienced specialists treat and teach. What to do when they all retire? Of course, they will find someone to take the place of teachers and doctors, but who it will be is unclear. Young people are eager to go to Moscow! The city of Dmitrov is turning into a kind of village where parents live and are waiting for their children for the weekend. And parents with small children who, already in high school, begin to study in Moscow schools.

And Muscovites began to move here. A village of town houses was built in the city. Residents of the capital very quickly bought up the houses there. In general, there are no huge problems with housing in the city. Several new buildings have been launched. It's nice that the historical center is not being touched. The city is growing in width due to the annexation of the outskirts and nearby settlements.

New buildings are in the background. Photo by jul-karina (https://fotki.yandex.ru/users/jul-karina/)

Housing is housing, but there are difficulties with transport. I can’t imagine how to live in Dmitrov without a car. There are few minibuses, buses run on such a tricky schedule that not everyone can understand it. There are taxi drivers. Several times, when calling a taxi, I personally heard a negative answer to the question of whether it was possible to call a car. Sometimes you have to wait in line for up to 2 hours. And this is not on holidays! In short, buy a car and you will be happy. It’s just better to take it with a good suspension. After all, Dmitrov is Russia, and the roads here are Russian...

Traffic jams are insignificant compared to the capital's congestion. Usually, they are only in two places. They even make me smile. It's nice that people in Dmitrov started driving around in cars. It’s okay to live in the city if the salary is good. Traveling to work in Moscow and spending the night in Dmitrov is very exhausting and unsettling. Many people give up and calm down after 2-3 years of such a race. After such an experience, someone is trying to open something in the city. As an example, I can cite the fact that there are so many small hairdressing salons in Dmitrov that only Paris has more of them. The level of service there leaves much to be desired, but the prices for services compensate for the inconvenience.

The city itself is not particularly beautiful. There are many Soviet buildings, the roads are narrow and full of potholes. True, it’s easier to breathe than in the capital. There are fewer people and there are no factories left. That is how we live. We secretly dream of Moscow, but at the same time we remain provincial.

Merits of the city in the military history of Russia

Dmitrov is one of the oldest cities in the Moscow region. The city was founded in 1154 by the Rostov-Suzdal prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Named in honor of the Holy Great Martyr Demetrius of Thessalonica, the heavenly patron of Yuri Dolgoruky’s son Vsevolod, who was born that year. Dmitrov's purpose was to block the paths to the Suzdal lands, which went along the Yakhroma River and the Dubna River, from enemies. The location of the city was chosen very well: the Yakhroma River served as an insurmountable obstacle for the enemy on the western side, and impassable swamps and forests on the northern side.

Dmitrov was not only of strategic importance as a border fortress, but also of economic importance. From here, along the rivers Yakhroma, Sestra and Dubna, there was a waterway to the upper reaches of the Volga; by land, the city was connected with the upper reaches of the Klyazma, from where goods could be delivered to Vladimir. After the division of the Vladimir-Suzdal land at the beginning of the 13th century, Dmitrov moved to Pereslavl and fell into the orbit of internecine wars. In 1301, after a long period of civil strife in northeastern Rus', a congress of four princes took place in Dmitrov: Grand Duke Andrei of Vladimir, Prince Mikhail of Tver, Prince Ivan of Pereslavl and Grand Duke of Moscow Daniil.

The Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus' had a heavy impact on Dmitrov, but the devastation to which the city was repeatedly subjected throughout the 13th century did not completely destroy it. During the 13th century, the city was plundered by the Mongol-Tatars twice (in 1238 Batu, 1293 Tudan), in 1382 the city was burned by Tokhtamysh, the last time a steppe raid affected the city in 1408 (Edigei).

From the beginning of the 15th century, a peaceful period began in the history of Dmitrov, promoting its economic development and population growth. The city reached its greatest prosperity in the first half of the 16th century under Prince Yuri (1503-1533), the second son of Ivan III.

On January 12, 1610, the troops of Jan Sapieha, who had retreated from the walls of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, fortified themselves in the city. In February, Skopin-Shuisky spoke out against them, he defeated Sapega in a field battle and would have liberated Dmitrov, but the city was held by the Don Cossacks allied to the Poles. Sapega, however, did not stay in Dmitrov - after waiting for detachments with supplies to arrive from across the Volga, he retreated to Volokolamsk, and Skopin-Shuisky, having thus lifted the blockade of Moscow, solemnly entered the capital.

The Polish devastation had an effect for a long time: the wooden fortifications of the Kremlin destroyed by Sapega were no longer restored, especially since the need for them had disappeared.

During the Patriotic War of 1812, a detachment of French troops captured the city, but, soon learning about the approach of Russian troops from Klin, they left the city without a fight.

In November 1941, not far from the city of Dmitrov, an offensive of fascist German troops unfolded; they managed to cross the canal and gain a foothold on Peremilovskaya Heights (south of Dmitrov), but on November 29 they were driven out from there, after which the Red Army counteroffensive began. On December 8, 1941, the first city, Yakhroma, was liberated from the enemy. On December 11, the entire Dmitrovsky district was liberated from the invaders.

Dmitrov

Kremlin, Assumption Cathedral

Dmitrov near Moscow is located 50 km from the Moscow Ring Road. Just a half hour drive, and from the bustle of metropolitan life you find yourself in a quiet ancient city, decorated with stone temples and merchant houses. Dmitrov is only two years older than Moscow and was also founded by one Grand Duke Yuri Dolgoruky in honor of the birth of his son. The centuries-old history of the city is reflected in its architectural appearance, so many tourists not only from Russia, but also from other countries strive to come here.

The city saw many battles; foreigners from the Mongols to the Nazis tried to capture it. But Dmitrov survived, rebuilt after the fires, and traded. Gingerbread cookies were baked here, which were equally famous as those from Tula. In the thirties of the 20th century, the Moscow Sea appeared near Dmitrov, dug by Gulag prisoners. Since then, the city has become a cargo port. Not far from Dmitrov there are several ski centers near Moscow, where there are many different trails for skiing, snowboarding and sledding. The height of the local trails is not so high, but their modern equipment and developed infrastructure make these places very popular.

Among the most famous residents of Dmitrov is Pyotr Kropotkin, scientist, philosopher, publicist, and founder of the ideology of anarchism. He is also known for his geological and geographical works. In the house of Count Olsufiev, where Pyotr Alekseevich lived in the last years before his death, there is now a museum of the famous anarchist. One of the central streets of the city, on which a monument to Pyotr Alekseevich was erected, also received Kropotkin’s name. Prince Kropotkin is depicted as an elderly man with a thick beard, sitting on a bench like an old man. But his tenacious gaze and ironic smile show that this man is not a simple man in the street, but one of the ideologists of a socio-political movement popular in the 19th century.

Rose garden on the territory of the Kremlin

Kropotkinskaya Street, which runs past the ancient Dmitrov Kremlin, is decorated with the sculptural group “Citizens”. Here, almost in the middle of the paving stones, there are life-size bronze figures of people dressed in an ancient dress of the 19th century. The creators of the sculptures, Alexey Karaulov and Galina Gulyaeva, made generalized images of the inhabitants of the old city. A merchant couple, a young teacher, an old man with a stick, nobles and a simple townswoman help to feel the spirit of the times, taking us back to the past.

The central place of the city is the Dmitrov Kremlin, a former defensive structure that served to protect the country's borders from attacks by foreign invaders. Today, the rampart that surrounded the Dmitrov Kremlin has been partially preserved. The height of the protective shaft, of course, decreased over time. Previously, there were protective walls with a dozen watchtowers on it. The walls were destroyed after the Polish-Lithuanian occupation and were never rebuilt. Previously it was possible to get here through the Yegoryevsky and Nikolsky gates. They were destroyed during the Time of Troubles. And in the 19th century, another passage appeared in the Kremlin. In 2004, a special wooden arch was created on the site of the Nikolsky Gate.

On the territory of the Kremlin there are several buildings that are part of the structure of the Dmitrov Kremlin Museum-Reserve. Here is the Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, dating from the beginning of the 16th century. It is assumed that the Assumption Cathedral was built by Italian craftsmen, like several Moscow churches. The Dmitrov Kremlin also includes the Elizabethan Church, the building of the former noble assembly, a women's gymnasium, the building of a former prison and other houses.

Boris and Gleb Monastery

Another decoration of Dmitrov is the Boris and Gleb Monastery, known since the mid-15th century. The central point of the monastery was the cathedral in honor of Saints Boris and Gleb. Here, near the walls of the monastery, there is also a monument in honor of the saints. Since the 18th century, the monastery has been surrounded by a four-meter-high fence with corner towers. Royalty also took an active part in the history of this place. By decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the monastery became the Moscow residence of his friend and confessor, Metropolitan Nikon. A religious school was also located on the territory of the monastery. During Soviet times, the monastery was given over to the management of the Dmitrov forced labor camp. At the same time, the monastery lost many of its shrines and interior decoration. The revival of the monastery began in the nineties of the last century.

Among the attractions located near Dmitrov, you can visit the village of Orudevo. This is a former testing ground where the world's only combat vehicle, created by Nikolai Lebedenko in 1915, was tested. The tank had two wheels with spokes, the diameter of which was 9 m. The machine-gun cabin was located at a height of 8 m above the ground. The tank was armed with two guns and several machine guns. It was assumed that the speed of the car could be 18 km/h. But already the first test of the tank revealed a number of design flaws. Due to the weight and improper alignment, the car got stuck in the ground. The design of the wheels turned out to be vulnerable to artillery fire. After unsuccessful tests, the Tsar Tank remained at the training ground, where in the twenties it was cut into pieces.

Museum and exhibition complex

Not far from Dmitrov is Peremilovskaya Heights, where bloody battles took place in 1941, reversing the fascist offensive. For two days, a small group of Red Army soldiers defended this bridgehead from the advance of the famous 7th Tank Division of the Germans. The occupiers were thrown back, thereby preventing the ring from closing around Moscow. And although there were still three long years left before victory, at Peremilovskaya Heights the course of the war began to reverse. A monument was erected at the site of the battles in 1966 - a soldier of victory, a liberating warrior who destroyed the brown plague, rises above the surrounding fields and forests.

You can get a lot of information about the city in a compressed format at the Dmitrov Museum of Local Lore, opened at the beginning of the twentieth century - in 1918. The exhibits include estate and household items from different times, examples of fine, as well as decorative, folk and temple art, photographs and even video materials. If we talk about the Moscow region, then the collection of the Dmitrov Museum can be called one of the most representative and interesting for the viewer. There are guided tours around the museum, and the museum building itself, in the spirit of classical baroque, is very interesting architecturally and definitely attracts the eye.

Other sights of Dmitrov worthy of attention:

Monument to Yuri Dolgoruky
Time Box Museum
Kazan Church
Sretenskaya Church
Monument to Dmitry Solunsky
House of Klyatovs
Fountain "Waiting"
Monument to Seraphim Dmitrovsky

Merits of the city's rear

Like all Soviet people, regardless of nationality, age, social status, Dmitrov residents rose up to fight the enemy. On June 25, a decision was made by the city party committee on the organization of work in wartime conditions. Work on the development of the Yakhroma floodplain, which began in May, had to be stopped. Industrial enterprises began to switch to producing products for the front. Women and schoolchildren, starting in August, built defensive structures: dug trenches. Lines of men and teenagers lined up at the military registration and enlistment offices - volunteers for the front.

In July, a collection point for vehicles for the needs of the army was opened at the Dynamo stadium. The population and organizations were required to hand over everything - from bicycles to cars and tractors. The repair shops at this point were already engaged in August-September in assembling vehicles from spare parts, and later in repairing military equipment.

In August, construction of defensive lines began. Employees, students, and housewives dug endlessly long trenches and anti-tank ditches. They manually dug 3 kilometers of trenches, built 220 pillboxes and bunkers, and dug an anti-tank ditch on the southern outskirts of Dmitrov more than 500 meters long. Every day 800 - 1000 people went out to build defensive lines. The workers of the mechanical shop of the excavator plant, who sat at the levers of multi-bucket machines, provided great assistance in this. Upon completion of the work, the excavators and their drivers were sent to the army personnel units. Some of the workers were sent to the extermination battalion, which was based in the glove factory clubhouse. Despite the difficult situation, the plant did not stop its work for a single day until the end of November 1941.

In August, on Bolnichnaya Street, where the tuberculosis dispensary is now, the city’s first rear hospital was opened. The military sanitary squad was formed from volunteers - medical staff of Dmitrov hospitals and sanatoriums. For the hospital, an old GAZ bus was converted into an ambulance with a suspended stretcher by a team of auto mechanics in the repair workshops and handed over to them. The first wounded began to arrive.

The German planes flying towards Moscow made us feel the approaching front. Nevertheless, the city's institutions and enterprises operate, produce products, and serve the population. The excavator plant switched to the production of ammunition for the front and units for Katyushas, which were delivered from Dmitrov to Moscow by .

Military units and formations formed from the city population

On July 3, a volunteer battalion of the people's militia was formed in the number of 922 people, which is part of the volunteer division of the people's militia of the Leningrad district of Moscow. (Commander - reserve captain M.A. Nosevich). At the end of July, in case of a possible occupation, three partisan detachments were formed; bases for them were equipped in the forests north and east of the city and people were trained for underground work.

By the end of August, a Fighter Battalion consisting of 180 people was created to protect enterprises, bridges and other strategically important objects. Captain Dmitry Alekseevich Glebov was appointed battalion commander, and junior reserve lieutenant Petr Alekseevich Berezkin was appointed political instructor. The battalion had five platoons. The city platoon under the command of senior sergeant Semyon Pronin was composed of workers and employees. The battalion's training took place on a trampled meadow, where the Planet cinema is now. At the beginning of the school year, eighth- and ninth-graders from Dmitrov schools were included in the fighter battalion.

Business card of the city

The symbol of the city is the Dmitrov Kremlin. The Dmitrov Kremlin, unlike other Russian fortresses that use natural elevations, was built at the foot of the mountain, in a swampy lowland. The swamp, approaching the rampart itself from the north, served as a natural defense for the city. The branch of the old Yakhroma River also came quite close to the fortress itself. From the south and southwest the fortress was surrounded by an artificial ditch ranging from 12 to 30 meters wide. The shaft on this side was higher. Its total length was about 980 meters.

CITY OF DMITROV

The State Duma adopted in the first reading a bill on the introduction of special passes for visitors to sports competitions. If the Fan ID system works, not only fans, but even the athletes themselves will have to receive them. So far, the State Duma has not yet determined the list of sports and competitions for which a Fan ID will be needed, nor the timing of the system’s launch. Meduza asked Eurosport journalist Artem Butorin to tell us why both fans and football clubs are against the innovations, as well as how the new system will affect ordinary fans.

What is Fan ID?

A “fan passport” or Fan ID is a small laminated card with a person’s data that serves to identify him. For the first time, Fan ID was used at the Olympics in Sochi - the system was invented after Jacques Rogge, who headed the International Olympic Committee (IOC), called for maximum security at the Games.

A few years later, the authorities improved it ahead of the 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup and the 2021 FIFA World Cup. Even FIFA officials did not believe in success, but Russia convinced that the fans liked the system. After this, football officials agreed to the introduction of such a passport by Russia on the condition that the document would replace visas for foreign fans.

To obtain a Fan ID, it was necessary to provide personal data: citizenship, full name, date of birth, gender, series and number of the passport and who issued it. You also had to include a photo, email, and home mailing address. The data was received and processed by the Ministry of Digital Development, as well as the Ministry of Sports and Transport and the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

After the World Cup, Russian officials decided to extend Fan ID to domestic competitions. According to them, this was necessary to “ensure the safety of citizens during mass sporting events.”

True, it is not very clear why the measures should be strengthened. The country's main sports tournament, the Russian Football Championship, has not given serious reasons for concern for a long time. The last major unrest in the Russian Premier League (RPL) occurred almost ten years ago involving Zenit and Dynamo. In 2012, a firecracker launched by fans of the St. Petersburg club hit Muscovites goalkeeper Anton Shunin. And in 2013, already in St. Petersburg, local fans broke onto the field during a game and started riots.

But by 2021, security measures at stadiums were seriously strengthened even without Fan ID: most RPL arenas were equipped with video cameras with facial recognition, which allow you to quickly identify the offender from the stands. In addition, the Ministry of Internal Affairs keeps a record of football hooligans who are already prohibited from attending matches, and clubs may not sell them a ticket and block their subscription.

Who can be denied it?

Some fans have already been denied access to the 2018 World Cup and Euro 2020, some of the matches of which took place in St. Petersburg. Due to the pandemic, the latter took place a year later - in 2021 instead of 2020.

In 2021, the Fan ID issuing service shifted responsibility for preventing fans from entering to the Ministry of Digital Development and referred to paragraph 28 of Article 2 of Federal Law No. 108-FZ. It said that obtaining a passport “may be refused if it is necessary to ensure the defense or security of the state or public order or if there is information about facts of violation of the law by spectators in stadiums.” The Fan ID website noted that if a person is refused a fan passport, even the organizers will not know the true reason - this is the result of an FSB check of a potential fan.

It is impossible to challenge a refusal to attend a match or find out the reason - some fans were unable to do this through the courts. For example, Ekaterinburg resident Anton Maslov was not even shown the document on the basis of which they refused to issue him a Fan ID for the 2018 World Cup matches. Only the judge was able to familiarize himself with the “secret certificate” presented by the FSB officers who acted on the side of the defendants.

A similar incident occurred with Championship journalist Maxim Pakhomov: UEFA refused him accreditation for the Russia-Belgium match, which took place in St. Petersburg, based on the recommendation of Russian security officials. The reasons for this decision were not explained to the journalist; Pakhomov himself connected the refusal with his fine for participating in rallies organized by Alexei Navalny’s team.

“I began to look for fines, some tax arrears, and remember [my] sins at the Confederations Cup in 2017. Nothing. They advised you to ask your friends informally, they say, suddenly something hangs on you by accident. And yes: they hinted that it was in vain that I was caught by the police at a rally four years ago. And there was no need to go there at all. The fine for that rally was paid a long time ago, I didn’t have any problems with other accreditations (in 2017), and I didn’t have any encounters with the police during all this time. But now, apparently, they remembered those sins,” Pakhomov wrote on Instagram and noted that since 2021 he has not been to a single rally.

The list of those who refuse to apply for a Fan ID also includes people from the “black list” of the Ministry of Internal Affairs: it includes those who are prohibited from visiting the stadium. You can be included in the list, which, unlike the FSB list, is in the public domain because of swear words spoken at the podium, the use of pyrotechnics, fights and other violations of order.

How did the clubs and fans react to this?

Even at the level of management of Russian Premier League clubs, not everyone supports the system.

“I was and remain against Fan ID,” Ural President Grigory Ivanov said in an interview with Championship. “Our stadiums are not very full anyway, but with him it will be even worse.” We want to attract people who don't yet go to football. A man came to visit, his friends told him: “Let’s go to football.” The person doesn’t mind, but first you’ll have to create this Fan ID. It may be easy, but first we will lose a fan. And we will also lose those who go to football now.”

In 2021, at the matches of Spartak, one of the most popular clubs in Russia, banners appeared with the inscription: “Can’t you just come to football?” The club supported its fans. “You know the position of our fans. The club, to the best of its ability, will defend this position in dialogue with other participants in the football market,” noted the Spartak press service.

The introduction of Fan ID united even the most irreconcilable competitors: CSKA fans also joined the opinion of Spartak fans. “This is a completely meaningless measure for one simple reason: those who buy season tickets from clubs already provide [the clubs] with their data,” says CSKA fan Andrei Malosolov, well-known among the fan community. - If this is introduced, I won’t bother getting anything else there - I’ll just stop going to football. We have already achieved that we don’t have any pain at national team matches. Let's kill him at club matches too."

Even in the State Duma, the introduction of a mandatory fan passport caused controversy. Anton Tkachev, a deputy from the New People faction, noted that the introduction of such identification systems led to a halving of attendance at the championships in Italy and Turkey and was later recognized as a mistake there.

The deputy of the previous convocation of the State Duma, Igor Lebedev, who held the position of deputy chairman, also spoke out against Fan ID: “The main argument is that the introduction of such a system will negatively affect attendance at matches. “Soon only officials with flashing lights, representatives of football clubs and several relatives of club management will come to the stadium,” Lebedev explained his position. — What will the presence of this person’s passport data give to law enforcement agencies? It will just make their job easier. You can immediately come to the address and arrest the person.”

Despite this, the State Duma expectedly passed the bill with a majority vote of 70.5%. “United Russia” and “A Just Russia” voted for the introduction of the system - 317 in favor with four abstentions. The Communist Party of the Russian Federation and New People were against - only 69 votes.

And when will Fan ID be required?

So far there is no date for the implementation of the system, nor a list of competitions for which a “Fan Passport” will be needed. All the nuances will be discussed at the second reading of the bill in the State Duma - its date, judging by the data on the Duma website, has not yet been set. Most likely, the system will work from the start of the 2022/23 season. The government will determine the lists of competitions where Fan ID is required.

Everyone will be required to obtain a fan passport: visiting fans, journalists, stewards who help fans find seats at the stadium, and even athletes.

The Ministry of Finance allocated money for the project in the budget for 2022 - the Ministry of Sports received 773.6 million rubles: 679 million of them will be spent on equipping stadiums where there is no infrastructure for the Fan ID system yet. Another 95 million will be spent on improving the arenas, where the system has not been updated since the 2018 World Cup.

The innovations will most likely have a significant impact on the attendance of the stands. In recent years, spectators have not been very willing to go to matches - due to the pandemic and related restrictions, this trend has only worsened. For many Russians, bureaucratic issues can become a significant reason to refuse to go to a match, and a spontaneous trip to a football match will become completely impossible.

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